Research Articles Base: Sustainability Issues

Modeling Sustainable Urban Societies in Developing Countries

Modeling Sustainable Urban Societies in Developing Countries   Social development in the cities is very important for the safety, security and adequate social services; as well as affordable homes for the people.  This study focuses on the inclusive social development and service delivery of community-driven service and development through building a stable financial sector and housing programs.  In addition to that, it is very important to understand that a recommendation for inclusive education among children is one of the most utmost needs of the community.  The learning needs of all people include the health services especially among the poor communities. The utilization of the social funds is for the infrastructure and services for the people.  In adopting an enabling approach to housing and urban comes next with recommendations for designing and implementing an integrated housing and urban renewal strategy. The major components of and actions needed to achieving a city without slums should be given focus.  Hence, a sustainable society must meet the needs of all its people and never leaves the vulnerable and disadvantaged minorities behind.  It also aims to create cities where people live will experience prosperity for all, high quality service delivery from the government sector; as well as giving people the ability to improve the places they live in. In this regards, local improvements like cleaning of the streets,  building of local schools and health clinics   or parks; so as to building transportation facilities  will able to help the people to realize that  they live in a well rounded community.  (http://www.adb.org/Documents/Studies/Managing-Asian-Cities/part02-07.pdf)   Nonetheless, poverty is associated with unemployment as brought by the Asian financial crisis.  In urban areas, income disparity is generally diverse.  This employment status of the people within cities and regions varied significantly from one another.  These conditions raise important political, governance, and social issues in the urban areas too.   But there are no easy regulations for them and city governments are only one of the players, and often   a relatively minor player, in any policy response. The cities’ role in broader equity and social welfare policy has to be replaced in this particular view. Moreover, in the local level, city development should also involve economic and environmental investments and decisions. This can be successfully achieved by creating a plan, design and implementation of financing local infrastructure projects and introduction of participatory budget which the communities involved will benefit greatly from them.  City governments also need to help the poor by ensuring access and equity in asset distribution. This can be done in two ways. Firstly, by designing and implementing systems for local communities to make decisions on facilities, especially in health and education. Secondly, by the preparation and implementation of housing and urban renewal strategies to deliver basic needs and shelter provision among the communities in an affordable manner. This program should include the upgrading of slum areas and the painstaking   strict law implementation against illegal construction and land occupation together with the help and cooperation of the concerned people in the urban communities. Similarly, the national governments can assist in ensuring the effective operation of land administration and management systems such as tenure rights, valuation and taxation; as well as the transferable development rights, most particularly in the city regions.  Thus, in providing incentive programs for banking sectors, banks and other financial institutions will be motivated to extend a long-term mortgage housing financial assistance to low-income groups in urban areas.  In the same way, through fostering proper livelihood development programs like small and medium businesses among the people will enable to develop the   micro-credit financing schemes in the area. (http://www.adb.org/Documents/Studies/Managing-Asian-Cities/part02-07.pdf) Correspondingly, social dimensions are very essential to include in the various projects and programs of local government. These can be structured together with the bilateral grant assistance for appropriate formulation and implementation.  For instance, public transport projects that include the construction of new transit routes can be broadened into wider urban renewal projects that should provide diverse benefits to the communities concerned.  On the other side,   solid waste disposal management must be one of the primary aims of city officials; to be able to ensure the proper and regular waste collection and recycling activities by the local government officials concerned.  By some means, the best sustainable urban development strategy of another country is unique. Strategies for urban development may only be adapted into a real economic, social, political, legislation/regulation and the provisional situation of the existing state.  Every country has its own and unique and single sustainable urban development strategy that definitely does not apply to other countries.  More than that, the influence of economic environment on sustainable urban development has different patterns and trends.  And, some of these are the purchasing power, the prices of the basic commodities in the market, the lending conditions in the financing sectors.    In the same manner, the main indicators of economic development are the cyclic nature of economic development, unemployment and inflation rate. All of these change the level of GDP and buyer’s income among many other factors. (http://www.allbusiness.com/management/997553-1.html) References: (http://www.adb.org/Documents/Studies/Managing-Asian-Cities/part02-07.pdf) (http://www.allbusiness.com/management/997553-1.html)   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Modeling Sustainable Urban Societies in Developing Countries

Modeling Sustainable Urban Societies in Developing Countries Social development in the cities is very important for the safety, secu...

Sustainable Business in the 21st Century

Sustainable Business in the 21st Century    For the last 30 years, sustainable business conditions are inspiring more businessmen to adopt sustainability as good business.  In doing  sustainable business, they key to profit is finding out what consumers really care about, what products  customers are looking for to solve their present problems in a  meaningful and sustainable ways.  This is a process of innovation and heartfelt concern that provides dramatic opportunity for a new generation of leaders committed to producing profit, not by killing the competition, but by caring for the customers and for each other.  Therefore,  there are many sustainability advocates are moving past the old arguments into a phase of implementation, just like many developing economies have leap-frogged the old, hard-wired communications and energy technologies to embrace cell phones and diverse, locally renewable energy sources.  In this regards, preparing new business leaders in adapting sustainability will need an increasing demands for managers, entrepreneurs, leaders and professionals who are exceptionally skilled at planning for the long term business.  Majority of business schools mess up to integrate sustainability throughout their MBA curricula.  For instance, at Presidio School of Management, it is found out that there are three basic principles continue to underlie all the myriad ways in which the term “sustainability” is used in today’s business world, to enhance core business value and reinforce competitive advantage. First is the Radical Resource Efficiency which helps in increasing the productivity of any business through the use of all company’s resources, energy, water, materials and supplies and foremost through the joint effort of the work force.  Additionally, the growing number of profitable solutions to environmental challenges can buy the time needed to implement measures that will go beyond   just in order to attain complete business sustainability. (http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2007/02/06/fundamentals-sustainable-business-21st-century) Furthermore, the design for sustainability must be innovative that will help any business to enhance its business strategies and approaches in advanced delivery of excellent products and services to the clients in the market.  Also, employing the emerging practice of sustainable management is important in restoring, enhancing and sustaining the natural and human capital needed for continuing financial prosperity of the company.  Moreover, business sustainability also provides business leaders of today with a great opportunity to develop meaningful results of their work.  By this way, restoring financial stability; as well as cultural reputation and natural heritage of the company will be restored profitably in any business ventures.  In addition to that, it has been observed that after 30 years of business performance, managing conventions, wholesale and retail travel, hotels, resort condominiums, time-shares, shopping centers and insurance organizations, and sustainable management; many business leaders are being inspired by the emerging trends. At this time and age, business sustainability continues to emerge as the world-leading defining concept for how businesses meet the challenges of the 21st Century. And, this is merely associated with the compliance of organization’s budget, as well as to embrace more business fundamentals, more humane values, more visions and affirmations to lead a tremendous success in the business. (http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2007/02/06/fundamentals-sustainable-business-21st-century) Correspondingly, in running a business in a period of resources scarcity and global financial crisis; the route must be taken from the situation of business sustainability during the 21st century.  It determines in many vital ways the quality of life the people may live for another centuries to come. In view thereof, students, new employees entering and returning to the workforce have exceptional job or business opportunities in participating and shaping the direction towards sustainable and profitable business   along with the business leaders, owners, social entrepreneurs, sustainability consultants and external advocates.  Through this system, the interactions between humans, commerce and the entire society will be viewed systematically; in order to advance the meeting of the consumers’ needs and demands; as well as to monitor effectively the consumer regulations and financial pressures and demands of today’s global business environment.    Thus, there is a great comparison between doing business in the 21st century and in the current era.  In the same token, the role of multinational corporations in global business settings has large impact to the sustainability of today’s business.  On the other hand, traditional business is far from the changing role of business today. Unlike before, that many industries were using natural and man-made procedures in order to produce products. It is a major reason that during the 21st century, the environment was still freed from harmful substances that caused our atmosphere nowadays to be completely polluted by collective harmful industrial substances from different plants and factories all over the world. This business practice today even leads to worst global warming condition that the entire world is experiencing right now.   As part of this process, scientist today are doing their best to survey carbon dioxide mitigation strategies, study carbon budgeting and accounting, as well as the intricacies of carbon capping and offsetting strategies, and opportunities to reduce net carbon dioxide production in the earth. These strategies might have on sustainable business practices. While, students can also do research on emerging technologies and business strategies that move us to carbon neutrality while fostering sustainability and justice in the business environment.  (ftp://ftp.cgiar.org/isnar/publicat/pdf/vision/ruttan.pdf) References: (http://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2007/02/06/fundamentals-sustainable-business-21st-century) (ftp://ftp.cgiar.org/isnar/publicat/pdf/vision/ruttan.pdf)       Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Sustainable Business in the 21st Century

Sustainable Business in the 21st Century For the last 30 years, sustainable business conditions are inspiring more businessmen to a...

RESEARCH PROBLEM ON THE IMPACT OF COMMERCIAL BANK ON BUSINESS AND SUSTAINABILITY IN GHANA

THE IMPACT OF COMMERCIAL BANK ON BUSINESS AND SUSTAINABILITY IN GHANA         Commercial Banks in Ghana including Rural Bank, Urban Bank and other non commercial banks plays a major role in the Ghanaian economy and business sustainability especially among the Small and Medium Enterprise by providing credits and loans to qualified business and individual including farmers and fishermen, they have empowered small enterprise especially those who are engage in small businesses even at their own home. The Agricultural Development Bank (ADB) of Ghana has been responsible for at least 35% of the total bank industry financing in agriculture and related business as of 2010 this has been is a commercial bank owned by the government and they have been serving the people of Ghana since 1965.       ADB has also been involved in various services and loans, international, corporate and personal banking and money transfer all over the world with the partnership of Western Union money transfer. They have 50 banks located in most key areas in Ghana, 4 farm loans and 64 service centers to serve their customers. The Ecobank in Ghana remains to be a competitive bank to deliver quiet remarkable services including 24/7 secured banking, cash management solution for other banks and financial institutions and supply chain management all over Africa that gives benefit to supplier and distributor to eliminate various types of risk and liquidity from many businesses including start-ups and foreign businesses to invest in their country.       The Standard Chartered Bank in Ghana has been consistently a part of the top commercial bank in the country. They have 21 branches that employed more than 800 staffs to serve more than 160,000 clients in Ghana they have largely contributed to the economic impact of public, private and individual institutions by providing them the basic offshore and onshore savings and financing that reaches up to 0 million US dollars within the year of 2009. They have also released .2 million US dollars in financing small and medium enterprise in 2009 and probably expecting more in years to come.  http://sustainability.standardchartered.com/contributing-to-the-real-economy/feature-our-social-and-economic-impact-in-ghana.html       The Standard Chartered Bank in Ghana also helped the Ghanaian economy by providing globalized business investment and international trading system, the employment training system they have provided is also considered world class that’s why they remains to be internationally competitive in global participation. They have supported at least 156,000 jobs that employed 1.5 percent of Ghanaian workforce. They also supported corporate governance to ensure that their taxes and their images can be positive in the mind of their customers and the government.       Most commercial banks in Accra, Ghana has been engage in many financing activities and services that includes cash management, credit related securities, internet banking, fast cash and other immediate banking sustainability and loan to provide to their customers. Many individual and businesses has found a new ways to expand their activities in such loans that has been provided by their selected commercial banks. Loans that have been provided by commercial banks are mostly secured loans and mortgage loans that is payable depending on banks rules and regulation. Mostly small business enterprise may need collateral to avail such loans.           There are also times that commercial banks and other financing institutions such as micro-financing and credit cooperatives in Ghana has been affected by many negative determinants including environmental and political issues, interest rates and exchange rate fluctuation that even contributed to the downfall of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) But usually within a year most commercial banks experience good business practices and governance. In the overall participations of most banks they have helped the country in business, environmental participation and economic recovery.       Somehow they may say that the country still remains in International Financial and Technical Dependency with the assistance of World Bank (WB), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and United Kingdom Government, their government still believed that the local and international banking sectors will continue to increase their share in helping their economy and their government has largely acknowledge some 27 banks who have contributed to their economy as of 2010 that includes the following banks listed herein;   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Ghana       As of today the impact of those commercial banking to business and sustainability is expected to bring significant changes that they have already done over the past years, promoting various services and trends. The government has also implemented various strategic plans to promote and maintain the integration of financial institutions for more successful financial approach to meet the demand of both businesses from private to public to small and medium enterprise development needs in the years to come.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

RESEARCH PROBLEM ON THE IMPACT OF COMMERCIAL BANK ON BUSINESS AND SUSTAINABILITY IN GHANA

THE IMPACT OF COMMERCIAL BANK ON BUSINESS AND SUSTAINABILITY IN GHANA Commercial Banks in Ghana including Rural Bank, Urban Ban...

Sustainability of Water Supply and Sanitation in Low Income Communities in Dhaka

Sustainability of Water Supply and Sanitation in Low Income Communities in Dhaka   Achievements and challenges characterize water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh, which has a 98% population share with access to an improved water source, by way of constructed handpumps, in 2004. However, the groundwater source of drinking water for 97% of the rural population was discovered to have been contaminated with arsenic in 1993, while at the same time surface water is commonly polluted and needs treatment. Still, by 2004, arsenic-free drinking water can be accessed by 74% of the population. Challenges that remain include low cost recovery because of low tariffs and economic inefficiency, and sanitation issues, with only 39% of the population in 2004 having access to adequate sanitation facilities.[1]   In Dhaka, groundwater accounts for 82% of the water supply and 18% is provided by three surface water treatment plants. Although arsenic contamination of groundwater is limited in Dhaka, the latter’s depletion is ongoing in many areas of the country, with a supply shortage being seen by 2015, if groundwater abstraction continues at current rates. Nearly one third of domestic effluents is not treated in Dhaka. The Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority (DWASA) covers only 30% of the served population in Dhaka. Conventional septic tanks and bucket and pit latrines are used  by 30% and 15% of the population respectively, with sewage overflows being common during the rainy season.[2]   The Dushtha Shasthya Kendra (DSK) NGO assisted Dhaka’s squatter population to gain access to public water and sanitation services starting in 1996, and by June 2002, had constructed 97 water points in the city and 5 in Chittagong. Other NGOs and the Dhaka City Corporation replicated the program’s success and have constructed additional waterpoints in Dhaka. DSK’s success is due to its acting as intermediary between poor urban communities and the DWASA to provide water and sanitation at regulated prices, and its motivation and building of the capacities of the poor communities for self-management.[3]   Based on an evaluation, the Bangladesh government finances 30% of the rural water supply and sanitation in the country, with bilateral and multilateral donors, international and local NGOs, and users contributing 34%, 4% and 32% respectively to the undertaking. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) had loaned nearly US0 million to the Bangladeshi water management sector by 2003, which includes project investments in the rehabilitation and optimization of DWASA’s distribution network. The program and project, which are technically assisted, are expected to be finished by the end of 2013. The Arsenic Mitigation Water Supply Project, aimed at reducing arsenic mortality and morbidity from groundwater and implemented from 1998 to 2006, has managed to drill 9,772 deep tubewells, 300 rainwater harvesting systems and 393 dug wells in more than 1,800 villages. The World Bank is providing a loan of more than US0 million to the Water Management Improvement Project in Bangladesh, which includes rehabilitation and upgrading of 102 existing flood control, drainage and irrigation plans and is expected to end in 2015.[4]   The Dhaka Water Supply and Sanitation Project for Bangladesh aims to improve the sustainability of storm water drainage, wastewater and water services delivery by the DWASA to the Dhaka population. Its five components are the following: The rehabilitation and strengthening of lifting/pumping stations, the Pagia sewage treatment plant and trunk sewer mains and sewer lines, and the expansion of the coverage areas within the Pagia sewer basin. The rehabilitation and strengthening of the storm water drainage system by installing pumping stations at Rampura and Kamlapur to alleviate periodic flooding in Dhaka. The implementation of environment and social safeguards, including the support for resettlement action plans (RAPS) linked with selected canals rehabilitation. The providing and extending of the services to low income communities, including the delivery of water and environmental sanitation services to these areas. The providing of management, monitoring & evaluation and consultations and communications to ensure the project’s fiduciary compliance, the systematic quarterly performance reviews of DWASA and the conduct of the required midterm and final review of the project.[5]   		 		 		 		[1] “Water Supply and Sanitation in 		Bangladesh”, Wikipedia, 15 April 2011, <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Bangladesh>  		[accessed 15 June 2011] 		 		 		 		[2] ibid 		 		 		 		[3] Rokeya Ahmed, “DSK: A Model for 		Securing Access to Water for the Urban Poor”, pdf, WaterAid, 		 		March 2003, 		 		http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/bangladesh_dsk.pdf 		[accessed 15 June 2011] 		 		 		 		[4] “Water Supply and Sanitation in 		Bangladesh” 		 		 		 		[5] “Bangladesh – Dhaka Water 		Supply and Sanitation Project”, The World Bank, 31 October 2008, <http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000334955_20081112031101> 		[accessed 15 June 2011] Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Sustainability of Water Supply and Sanitation in Low Income Communities in Dhaka

Sustainability of Water Supply and Sanitation in Low Income Communities in Dhaka Achievements and challenges characterize water suppl...

Factors affecting the Operational Sustainability of Computer Shops within the Vicinity of Our Lady of Fatima University

FACTORS AFFECTING THE OPERATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY OF COMPUTER SHOPS WITHIN THE VICINITY OF OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY         Our Lady of Fatima University or Our lady of Fatima College also known as Fatima Medical Science Foundation, Incorporated (FMSFI), founded by Dr. Vicente M. Santos during 1967 is one of the most popular medical schools located in Valenzuela City. This has become one of the most popular schools in Valenzuela and other neighboring cities it becomes even more popular because of their best graduates who marked their school. Our Lady of Fatima is known as one of the best provider of good medical practitioner in the country and their school includes the hospital that best served their city and other neighboring town because of competent staff and nurses that even promote their school.       There are various courses provided to choose from until such time that they have expanded in other key cities in Quezon City Fairview and in Antipolo City. Most of their schools are highly located in a very accessible location and heavy trafficked foot area. This has been the reasons why students can easily travel back and forth from their schools easily because of various routes to choose from, although traffic is often the scenery in Valenzuela. Their location has always been a busy streets, this has been the reason why these schools are surrounded with various business establishment and stores including computer shops located nearby.           Their main campus in Valenzuela City where there is almost large volume of people day and night, business and computer shops are always full and open almost till midnight, computer shops are lined up almost everywhere on the streets within their vicinity. There are about 22 computer shops within the area and still growing, there are also a computer shop that is not much seen within the area, those are shops that have no municipal and local permit to operate and usually located home-based but still gaining lots of customers with lesser operating cost. Most of their customers came from various universities like Our Lady of Fatima University, St. Louis College in Valenzuela and other schools nearby.       Elementary and High School Children are also their often visited customers although children in uniform may not be allowed to enter some computer shops in the morning but they may be allowed to rent only during the afternoon, this has been the reason why they would even come even Saturdays and Sundays. Some computer shops may charge 15 to 20 pesos per hour, some charges 25 pesos for two hours as a form of promotion and they are very popular. More than fifty percent of children play’s games including Dota, Rune, the old Counter Strike, Plants versus Zombies, the Angry Bird and other games that are popular within the children. While most college students would make a research and social networking sites like YouTube, Twitter, Facebook fanatics among others.        Within the vicinity of Valenzuela there are various company’s who provide Wireless Internet Access (Wi-Fi) this somehow affected a bit of the customers of computer shop but only on a few percent and only those who uses mostly laptop are benefited by their services. There are also computers inside the campus of Our Lady of Fatima University but it may not be enough to suffice the volume of students and it is mostly use strictly for research only. Just like in any other location computer shops is their quick access for information and communication. Most of these computer shops are absolutely earning every day because of the continuous patronage of their customers that is why computer shops pops-up like mushrooms within the vicinity and as long as there is strong needs for computer, the operational sustainability of this shops will continue.         In other locations of Our Lady of Fatima University located in Antipolo and Quezon City the needs for computer shops is also highly popular. Students from Elementary and High School are their usual customers and College students came from various computer schools nearby including most of medical students from Our Lady of Fatima University. Compare to the main campus in Valenzuela their University from these two key cities does not have much computer shops within the vicinity but students may need to walk along or drive a bit to gain location for more shops that they can choose from. The sustainability of computer shop from this location is not much like in Valenzuela because they may be weak in customers during midnight and some are even close in Sundays and Holidays.                                    Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Factors affecting the Operational Sustainability of Computer Shops within the Vicinity of Our Lady of Fatima University

FACTORS AFFECTING THE OPERATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY OF COMPUTER SHOPS WITHIN THE VICINITY OF OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY Our Lady...

The Challenges to Financial Sustainability of Projects Based in Rural Communities –The Case of Community Radio Voice of Bagamoio in Maputo Mozambique

The Challenges to Financial Sustainability of Projects Based in Rural Communities –The Case of Community Radio Voice of    Bagamoio in Maputo Mozambique     Regarded as one of the poorest countries on the planet, with one of the lowest per capita incomes, and with its social fabric seriously damaged by decades of armed conflict, Mozambique today is one of the few African countries which, once peace was obtained, has rapidly become a genuine model of democratization, including in the area of freedom of expression and press freedom. In this area, there is a remarkable and growing dynamism in terms of setting up and managing mass media, particularly radio stations, with the involvement of the communities. The emergence of community radio in various parts of the world was directly linked to grass roots movements using radio as a tool to reach their constituencies – the community. Until recently, this has not been the case in Mozambique. After years of censorship, from the colonial era[1] to that of the single party press, the open and democratic Mozambican Press Law (in force since 1991)[2] radically changed the legal environment in which the country’s media operate. From 1995 onwards, a state body, the Mass Communications Institute (ICS), and the Catholic Church, have started radios with a community orientation. Increasingly, independent stations, based on civic associations, are beginning to appear. The historical precedents show that for a long time Mozambique was a country without strong traditions in terms of the production and dissemination of information of public interest through community involvement. Ever since the earliest days of the development of the Mozambican press, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the trend was to set up newspapers with large print runs or radio stations which broadcast over long distances. In a situation such as that of Mozambique, where most of the populations live in extreme poverty, the use of mass media is not an easy task to implement. A lot of people cannot buy a newspaper regularly, or acquire a television. Most of the population is illiterate, and does not know how to read or to speak Portuguese, or English. The communication network is defective and so does not allow widespread distribution of periodicals in the districts, localities and villages. In such situations, community radios certainly present themselves as the media which can most easily reach the target audience. From the perspective of the Mozambique Media Development Project, which operates under an agreement between the Mozambican government and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), community radio is a radio of the community, made by the community and for the community. “Community” is defined as a geographically based group and/or a social group or public sector which has common or specific interests. The station in Bagamoio is part of the Wave II community radio component of the Media Project (Jallov. B, UNESCO, Community Waves). Bagamoio or Bagamoyo[3]is a populous area in the province/city of Maputo. To ensure the success of the program and to ensure its continuity, it is necessary to reflect upon the major challenges of the future and how the radios can be organized to   face them. The main challenge that the radios will face in the future is to guarantee their sustainability. Financial, if there are enough revenue or profit to continuously shoulder the expenses of running such program once it has been turned-over its management to the community. Technical, if there are qualified technicians to maintain its equipment and ensure its efficient functions. And editorial terms, as well as regards to human resources and working environment. No less important will be the battle to ensure that the communities feel that they own the radios. Only thus will it be possible to keep the stations working.             But for now, the radio staff are enthusiastic and hopeful for good results.             In order to ensure that the radios can sustain themselves, several paths forward have been indicated: *           An awareness campaign among the communities, including businesses, churches, NGOs and other institutions, so that they provide multifaceted support to the radios’ operations; *           Undertake fund-raising activities with or without the direct use of broadcasting time; *           Produce attractive programming which meets the expectations of the communities, so that the radios can ensure a permanent interest by the listeners in their broadcasts.             So that the radios can advance along these and other paths, there is an urgent need for their managers and collaborators to work seriously with the communities. (Community Waves, Sadique F.)     References   Jallov, B. Unesco Media Project, 2001.   Economy,  Macroeconomic Review, viewed on 6 July 2011  http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/7035.htm#econ UNESCO, Media Development Project Sadique, F. , Community Waves, Some experiences in supporting the establishment of Community Radios by UNESCO in Mozambique www.mediamoz.com/CR/CR_WAVES.doc A Free Press, http://usinfo.org/media/press/chissano.htm April 1997 	   		 		 		 		[1] 		Almost 		five centuries as a Portuguese colony came to a close with independence 		in 1975. Large-scale emigration by whites, economic dependence on South 		Africa, a severe drought, and a prolonged civil war hindered the 		country’s development. The ruling party formally abandoned Marxism in 		1989, and a new constitution the following year provided for multiparty 		elections and a free market economy. A UN-negotiated peace agreement 		with rebel forces ended the fighting in 1992. 		 		 		 		[2] 		The “dark, heavy hand of censorship, 		fascist political control, and Gestapo-type political police” that once 		terrorized journalists in Mozambique is no more, says Mozambique 		President Joaquim Chissano. 		  		 		 		 		[3]Alternate name of Bagamoio, 		wikipedia Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

The Challenges to Financial Sustainability of Projects Based in Rural Communities –The Case of Community Radio Voice of Bagamoio in Maputo Mozambique

The Challenges to Financial Sustainability of Projects Based in Rural Communities –The Case of Community Radio Voice of Bagamoio in ...

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