Research Articles Base: Annotated Bibliography Samples

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY: Women and Economic Freedom in the 20th Century

Annotated Bibliography/Prospectus Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources ,. Coming of Age in Mississippi.,. 1968.’s book portrays the life in the South during the 1940s and the 1950s. It illustrates the sufferings of growing up in a racist society and how a black girl has challenged this condition. It is a portrait of black family life in the rural South and the moving account of a woman’s struggle to fight the social and legal barriers imposed on blacks by whites in Mississippi over the centuries. ,. Bread Givers.;. 1999.’s Bread Givers accounts for the culture of Jewish immigrant family. demonstrates the cultural norm by which women are valued in the Jewish sphere and the economic independence of women. It also touches on the isolation of immigrants in the United States. ,. A Room of One’s Own.. 1998. In her works, considers the effects of the historical exclusion of women in education and economic independence. She looks ahead to the time when women are no longer impeded by poverty and oppression and further argues the cultural identity fostered by exclusion. Secondary Sources             ,. The Paradox of Change: American Women in the 20th Century. 1992.’s book discusses the themes and patterns of the 20th century women’s history. It explores the subject of sexuality; the communities of women who joined together in the pursuit of various objectives, reactionary and progressive; the differences of women; and the power of segregation and structural inequality that generate the common treatment of gender.             , , ,. The Cost of Being Female.. 1996. and explore the cost of being female in various aspects of the society by using the experiences of more than seventy women to test their hypothesis. They use the narratives of women to illustrate the pros and cons of being a female in the United States during the 1990s. The book also includes recommendations on how to reduce the constraints of women. ,. Engendering Forced Migration: Theory and Practice.. 1999. This book examines the issue of gender and forced migration. The first chapter integrates gender in the migration research and practice. locates the studies on forced migration within the evolving approaches to the study of gender. Other chapters discuss the human rights of migrants and refugees in particular reference to women. . “A RETROSPECTIVE ON THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT: Political and Intellectual Landmarks”.. (1999). The article accounts for the contributions of civil rights movements to social change. It discusses the different forms of movements during the 50s and examines the role of women in the gender and civil rights movements.             ,. “On Their Own Terms: America’s Jewish Women, 1954-2004”. American Jewish History.. (2003).’s article takes a look on the sea change that has occurred in historical writing for Jewish in the United States. She takes into account the methodologies used in writing about women and gender – that is the construction of relationships between the sexes. She also examines the themes of domesticity and feminism in the works of various historians. ,. Feminism and the Contradictions of Oppression. Routledge.. 1989. This book addresses the problems in relation to feminist social theory and the feminist political strategy. It examines the improvement caused by feminism in relations between men and women as well as the considerable oppositions. argues the potentials of feminism in the transformation of the society and the divisiveness among feminists. She explores the diversity of women activities and the differences between them that hampers their liberation. ,. Faces of Feminism: An Activist’s Reflections on the Women’s Movement.. 1997. This book is an activist recollection and analysis of the evolution of feminist issues. It discusses the origins of feminism and the flows of events in a chronological order. It also examines the change making in America by which women’s rights are perceived differently by men and women alike.                 Prospectus Women face with various challenges to redefine their roles in the society. Among these is the access to employment opportunities and the change in the perception of women’s role and status. The upswing of the postwar, technology and the expansion of education increase the expectations for women. This research will deal with the factors that spark the change in the perception of women and their roles in the society. It will aim to probe how this transformation helps in shaping and transforming the status of women.  Also, it will take a look on the differences and divisiveness of women in terms of promoting feminism.             The American culture confines women’s role to domesticity and motherhood. The American culture regards women as subordinates limiting their roles in the society. However, the emergence of the new generation of women paves the way for the economic independence of women. The twentieth century shows some changes by which women assume their roles in the society. The Paradox of Change: American Women in the 20th Century by gives an account on the history of the twentieth century women. It will provide a clear understanding as to how women evolve during the early years of the century until the last years.             and ’s book on the Cost of Being Female supports the account of women’s experiences.’ “A RETROSPECTIVE ON THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT: Political and Intellectual Landmarks” explores the role of women in social change and civil rights movements.  Alternatively, the book on activist recollection and analysis by will also provide reflection on women’s movement. Moreover, through Feminism and the Contradictions of Oppression by, it is possible to tackle the opposition associated with the movement. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY: Women and Economic Freedom in the 20th Century

Annotated Bibliography/Prospectus Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources ,. Coming of Age in Mississippi .,. 1968.’s book portrays the...

Annotated bibliography / Marketing essay

I.             Introduction Nowadays, businesses tend to encounter a trading environment no less than being considered cutthroat. Companies vie for competitive advantage. Organisations compete for a much wider market share. Both such instances are a given reality in the commercial world. It is thus unsurprising for companies to use certain methods to acquire such sought after end results. One tried and tested way of accomplishing this is by using marketing techniques. The following discussions will argue about the case of New Zealand Heritage Park (NZHP). This is a newly opened theme park that has its owner, Terry Becket, on his toes as the market development of the place changes. The discussions will cover the target markets, visitor attendance, promotion, and pricing methods used in NZHP. From these observations, the researcher will provide a conclusion at the end of the paper. Moreover, the observations and arguments regarding the specific elements of the park are going to be based on academic and scholarly articles related to marketing and business administration.     II.           Target Markets Based on the case study, the target markets were divided into two categories, New Zealanders and Overseas Tourists. The issue on this matter is that the former is considered by the company as a minor market segment. It focused more of its attention to overseas tourists as the main market of the park. In looking at the case, the choice of two target markets tends to complicate the marketing strategy of the company. (2003) This may be problematic for NZHP given that they are a mere budding organisation. The choice of two target markets tends to manifest a blurry vision for the company. For one, their may have difficulty in establishing their core customers, specifically those who will actually keep their organisation running. It would have been simpler for the NZPH to have chosen one target market and segment it afterwards in order to see what improvements it would need in its operations. (2000)   III.         Visitor Attendance The main issue regarding the context of the lower visitor attendance on the part of their major market segment would be the access of these overseas tourists. (2000) Along with that, the park is a new entrant in the “theme park” market. It would be rather difficult for it to tap a greater market share immediately with the presence of other famous theme parks in the region. That issue will be augmented with the opening of a new Disney theme park in Hong Kong.    IV.        Promotion The promotion strategy of NZPH has been considerably effective since it had acquired a considerable number of tourist visitors in its first month. However, they have limited their campaign to those who are likely to have first hand encounters with certain travel agents, tour operators, tourist offices, certain airlines and cruise ships bound to New Zealand. The promotion was limited to those who are already bound to New Zealand. It had failed to fully employ mass media’s clout to sway the thought of society. (2004)   If the company would have raised awareness to other countries using mass media, then a much range would have been acquired in terms of market share.   This may have also contributed to the greater local visitors as compared to the tourists. They have raised awareness of the park locally which contributed to a positive response from the local market. In the same way, they have marketed the park as an entertainment facility which is largely appealing to children. Studies indicate that kids turned out to be among the main indicators on consumer behavior in the United States. (2006) This may have been ascribed towards the feelings of children on advertisements that seize their interest. ( 1999) V.          Pricing Since the company have expected overseas tourists to be their major market segment, the initial high price have been rather steep for the locals. The price cuts were rather beneficial for maintaining the market of the park. Given that they are a new brand in the market, a relatively low price range would have been their competitive advantage from the other theme park players. (2000) VI.        Conclusion The company should realise that a shift on the major market segment is in order. The focus of their marketing should be the local market and make international tourists secondary. The loopholes and apparent mistakes of the company seemed to have spawned from the lack of appropriate strategic planning on the part of NZPH. Nevertheless, the case study has also presented that the company have indeed taken several missteps in their quest for development. Again, leaders have to be constantly vigilant such that these errors could be mended before major implications have infected the entire operations of the company. The planning process is basically a means to enable the implementation of the strategy as unencumbered as possible for the organization. Indeed, strategic planning recognizes the possible changes that may occur even before it takes place. This lessens the risk of huge loss and considerable drawbacks in the acquisition of the company goal. Strategy and strategic planning complement each other. This means that both will work effectively when they are used collectively. By doing so, the company’s pursuit of its individual goals is carried out in an unfailing and calculated manner.       (2005) “The Engagement of Employees in the Strategy Process and Firm Performance: The Role of Strategic Goals and Environment.” Journal of Business Strategies. 22(2), 75. The authors are all on an associate professor level from different colleges and universities on Colorado, Virginia, and Los Angeles. The study covers the implications of employee involvement in the strategic process in the organisation. Specifically, the discussions cover the relationship between the performance of the organisation and the strategy processes held by the company. The study encapsulated a complete package of literature use and statistical analysis. Though there are certain insinuations and reference to other works, these are mainly for review purposes and not the actual basis of the findings of the study. Moreover, the use of statistical data implies that the main audience of this paper would be academicians and other scholars of organisational studies. In any case, the findings tend to be a result of a methodical analysis of primary and secondary data.  Those who are studying strategic planning processes will find this piece informative and useful in terms of research purposes.    (2005) “Evaluating Internal Operations and Supply Chain Performance Using EVA and ABC.” SAM Advanced Management Journal. 70(2), 45.  has been involved with logistics in the US Air Force for two decades while Dr. Coleman have been using mathematical modelling to analyse managerial decisions with over thirty academic articles in his belt. The study centres on the decision making held by companies through the use of economic value added analysis (EVA) and activity-based costing (ABC). The analysis relied heavily on past and existing literature which may have considerably been inconsistent with the presence of Dr. Coleman as one of the researcher. The use of a qualitative means of analysing the issue has been rather unlike him. However, the extensive use of logistics and supply chain literature has been rather informative on its development and use in organisations. This paper may well be directed to learners of logistics and management students considering the rather extensive use of MBA jargons and tables in the study.    (2005) “Current Operational Practices of U.S. Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Europe.” Journal of Small Business Management. 43(2), 155. Both authors are professors of operations management specializing on supply chains of companies. The focus of this study reflects that supply chain structure of small and medium enterprises in the United States. Specifically, the study covered US-owned SMEs that have facilities that operate in Europe. Discussions on international trade tend to become highly referenced in this paper. Moreover the discussions tend to be rather qualitative in nature making the study rely in empirical data as opposed to analysing its own. In any case, the study is a great addition to studies to both international operations of multinational corporations and the supply chain structure of SMEs. Moreover, the inclusion of analysis of SMEs in Europe tends to become a welcome addition to a rather scant resource on the issue. Once again, the use of qualitative data tends to highlight the limits on the study able to generalise on the subject matter.    (2006) “Proactive Reification: Shifting Market Structure and Enrepreneurship.” SAM Advanced Management Journal. 71(2), 29.  is a scholar of change and its effect on the individual, organisation and the market. On the other hand, Dr. Black tends to focus his expertise on complex or ambiguous environments through the use of modern IT technology. The study focuses on market structure and entrepreneurship. The discussions quickly fell on the use of empirical data and qualitative analysis of the market factors and its implications to both the entrepreneur and the existing market structure. To an extent, the paper appears to be more of an advocacy of a new perspective in market studies with focus on what the authors called market-based view and proactive reification. In the course of the study, they have used Porter’s Five Force Model to establish a “taxonomy of market factors” that would help them in their analysis. The article appears more interested in becoming accepted in the academic arena as opposed to being actually educational for actual entrepreneurs. The rather persuasive tone of the discussions has prompted this assumption.                     Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Annotated bibliography / Marketing essay

I. Introduction Nowadays, businesses tend to encounter a trading environment no less than being considered cutthr...

Annotated Bibliography HRM

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY   Condrey’s Book   This book reveals that all firms and companies are managed by their primary goals and perspectives. These goals are normally called or referred to as the company mission or objectives. Therefore, Condrey assumes that there has to be certain strategies that need to taken into consideration in order to successfully fulfill these visions and targets, and this makes up a critical factor in the identity of a firm or company. The bottom line is Condrey attests to the fact that human resources, without a doubt, are an integral aspect in terms of identifying the purpose of a firm or company. The book also states a well known fact that personnel have an essential role regarding differentiation and an integral source of competitiveness for any firm or organization. Therefore, the author believes that any firm or company must definitely allot sufficient resources to pursue human resource development activities even during times of inactivity in the industry.   Connolly warns that the identification of the extent to which an organization can allot resources regarding human resources development is dependent on the financial status or situation of the firm or company. Budgetary concerns must also be taken into emphasis according to Connolly, because in the identification of the goals for training and development, the goals of the company should be in unison with the fundamental perspectives of a company’s human resource development strategy. Connolly also states that with regards to the current developments involving effective human resource development, there have been essential perspectives that have come out. Most of these perspectives are based on the concept that efficient human resource development entails a social process where information is rejected instead of being possessed in a passive manner. Connolly concludes then, that effective human resource development then, shifts into a process where interaction becomes integral. This process of interaction is being maintained through the active participation of all the stakeholders involved in the effective human resource development process including the management and the workforce. Eisenstat Journal Eisenstat affirms that the best quality of effective human resource development would entail the consistent help and management of the continued learning process of all the stakeholders involved. Eisenstat states that in order for these processes to push through these would have to involve a comprehensive and structured strategy.  When in the extreme pursuit of effective human resource development, the interaction of the management with its employees creates a critical part towards its success. Collaboration as a type of strategy is slowly being utilized by most companies and firms nowadays, according to the author. Through this strategy, the employees can maximize learning from the management through the assimilation of their strategies in the effective human resource development processes. In the process, the employees gain the opportunity to see their own perspectives in a different way and thus be able to take other options into consideration. The relative success of this strategy is identified with the capacity of the employees to constantly challenge their knowledge by making initiatives to adapt to the interpretations of the management. Galpin Article   The authors Galpin and Murray assert that aside from the employees and the management, the various resources of learning belong to another set of critical factors of an effective human resource development environment. Also, according to the authors human resource development strategies have shown signs of impressive progress over the last few years. As a result, gathering information transforms into a much more complicated process. This is because the changes in all this data into pertinent knowledge require the employees to acquire the proper reference frameworks. However, the management can definitely help the employees change valuable data into critical knowledge. The authors Galpin and Murray also relate that the recent initiatives of firms and companies to educate the public concerning the freshest developments in effective human resource development would undoubtedly transform learning for every person a very easy process. Also, the emerging effects of information and communications technology (ICT) are able to jive with the greater change towards a knowledge-based human resource development.     Gonzalez Article Gonzalez states that effective human resource development is being influenced by the presence of two primary factors. On the one hand, the instructional factors: the academic information supplied by the organization and its translation into essential concepts. On the other hand, organizational factors: the human resources, logistics and policies associated in this regard. There is no doubt that every firm must obtain and establish a reasonable statement of principles and the effective utilization of the financial resources in order to function efficiently in accordance with its plans. Nevertheless, according to her strategic human resource development must follow an undeniable process of interaction between both factors. This is a form of adaptation in response to the most recent learning. This will in the long run undergo a series of changes going into a model together with the several factors of the environment. In return, the human resources will have to consistently evaluate their failures and along the way integrate innovations. Majority of the firms and companies in this era are already tuned to ICT. Gratton Article   Gratton believes that the connection of HRM to the company and its workforce creates a chain reaction wherein good points provided for the workforce leads to positive results for the company as a whole. The workforce is one of the critical parts of any organization, without them, the organization simply cannot achieve its objectives. The HRM of a particular organization in a nation should be able to meet the needs of its workforce. It should recruit the best individuals available, provide them training for them to be efficient in the organization and most importantly provide care to these workers. Managers cannot afford to depend only on the available budget and technology; workers are essential in order to use these other factors. Though the employees are critical, the company must also provide specific measures so as to guarantee its effectiveness. The heightened formal process in recruitment, according to Gratton, transforms the primary hiring processes more structured and objective. As companies are able to filter the applicants more effectively, rising rates of worker turnover and wasted labor costs are suddenly cut; tremendous job advertising costs are also prevented.   Heuerman Article   Heuerman asserts that effective training and learning is able to give the company a more efficient and hardworking workforce. He believes that every individual in the workforce deserves to be treated with respect in any company. Recruiting the perfect employees also require resources. Thus, certain ideas must be incorporated to HR practices so as to maximize employment results. Heuerman is convinced that human-resource planning is the primary step in strategic human-resource management as it includes predicting the human-resource needs of the company and planning several critical steps that the company must follow so that those human resource needs that will contribute a great percentage for its overall success as human-resource planning should be related to the company’s critical plans and objectives. The author asserts that human-resource planning is a tremendous adversity because the needs of the company are not always constant and there are instances where the needs do not meet and such adversity can be bigger if the pool of talented employees is scarce or if the individuals tasked of human-resource management have yet to receive proper training to predict the company’s needs to maintain and attain success in all areas of concern. Overman Article   Overman believes that in the identification of a certain variety of importance in gathering credible data concerning the extent to which human resource planning contributes to the general success of the company, it is essential to put into emphasis some of the planning themes that may have a positive impact and or negative impact to the success of such company. Therefore, it is critical to determine and analyze these planning themes. The author is very much sure that an effective human resource planning will improve the efficiency of the company’s success in dealing properly to the origin of its occupation and be able to provide a comprehensive medium for interaction and communication wherein there exists a point to which it will propel towards the achievement of its objectives as well as the actualization of its vision and parallels in investigating efficiency with substantiality that many companies are successful with regards to human resource planning of a specific company is concerned with assessment of its findings and function to the culture of the company.     Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Annotated Bibliography HRM

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Condrey’s Book This book reveals that all firms and companies are managed by their primary goals and perspe...

Project Annotated Outline and Bibliography

“The Effect of Drug Addictions on Juveniles”   General Outline   <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> Introduction <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> Drug abuse and addiction affects society in many ways; directly or indirectly, it is one major reason why juveniles are being thrown into jail.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> Drug abuse and addiction are implicated in four out of five crimes committed by juvenile arrestees.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> Many teenagers in state juvenile justice systems are under the influence of alcohol or drugs while committing their crimes, test positive for drugs, are arrested for committing an alcohol or drug offense, admit having substance abuse and addiction problems, or share some combination of these characteristics.</li> </li>   <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> Points of Discussion <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> The community incorporates attitudes and reciprocal behavior patterns of groups of individuals, guided by established culture standards, and designed to fulfill specific human objectives and needs; the community itself may be a factor as to why many youths are into drug addiction.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> Drug addictions in the juvenile population push them to do a variety of crimes; aside from that, their functioning in society is severely affected.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> In some neighborhoods, teenagers and younger children are recruited as lookouts and helpers for drug pushers because of the lighter sentences given to juvenile offenders, and guns have become commonplace among children and adolescents.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> Drug use, abuse, and addiction in adolescence undermines motivation, interferes with cognitive processes, contributes to debilitating mood disorders, and increases risk of accidental injury or death, and contributes to several major health problems such as lung cancer and AIDS.</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> Because mental health and substance use problems often co-occur, there is a more general need to raise awareness regarding the risk and protective factors that can predict drug use and addiction in adolescents.</li> </li>   <li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%"> Conclusions</li> The consequences of substance use can influence multiple domains in the lives of adolescents. Functioning in society can be severely affected. Aside from affecting the lives of these youth, there is also a large chance for this specific population to commit crimes. Literature shows that there are many juvenile delinquent youths that are in jails because of drug use and addiction. There is a serious need to raise the level of awareness of people in the society regarding this problem.   Bibliography   1. . (2005). Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Addiction are Implicated in Four out of Five Crimes Commited by Juvenile Arrestees. Corrections Compendium.             Corrections Compendium is a peer-reviewed, journal of the American Correctional Association. It is a journal that is research-based. This journal is published six times per year and contains research findings and trends and examines events in corrections and criminal justice. In this particular topic, juvenile arrests are discussed based on a report released by the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse in California University.   2. , ., , ., , ., , ., & , . (2005). Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Alcohol, Cigarette and Marijuana Use During Adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence.             This journal is a publication which provides a medium of communication for psychiatrists, psychologists, educators, biologists, criminologists, and other professionals who wish to know and be aware of any subject relating to the youth and adolescence. It publishes mostly research papers which can be used by the readers. The reading which is selected as bibliography for this article is a research dealing with alcohol, cigarette, and drug use in the adolescent population.   3. , . (2004). Theories of Therapeutic Evolution for Juvenile Drug Courts in the Face of the Onset of the Co-occurrence of Mental Health Issues and Substance/Alcohol Abuse. Journal of Law and Health.             The Journal of Law and Health is a periodical with a scholarly format that contains readings regarding legal aspects of medicine and health sciences. It is a student-run publication wherein the students are selected for membership and they are the ones to gather and select articles to be published in the journal. In this specific article used for this paper, the focus is on the theories of therapeutic evolution for juvenile drug courts in the face of the onset of the co-occurrence of mental health issues and substance or alcohol abuse.   4. . (2006). The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 18th ed.               The Merck Manual is a book that serves as a guide and a helping companion useful for health care professionals and patients or caregivers alike. All health care professionals need ever more information, and review of large areas of subject matter covered succinctly and completely is increasingly required. The Merck Manual continues to meet these needs, excluding mainly details of surgical procedures. The simplicity and the detailed account of conditions of which the book has been written makes it useable for individuals outside the health care profession.   5., . and , . (2004). Fundamentals of Nursing. Mosby.             This book, Fundamentals of Nursing, provides a contemporary approach to nursing practice, discussing the entire scope of primary, acute, and restorative care. This textbook is useful for nursing instructors, nursing students, and other health care professionals. But basically, this book is designed for beginning students since it has a comprehensive coverage providing fundamental nursing concepts, skills and techniques.   6. , . (1954). The Juvenile Offender: Perspectives and Readings.               This book contains selections of carefully selected writings by specialists in the area of juvenile delinquency. Parts of the book reflect the principal divisions of the field of juvenile delinquency. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Project Annotated Outline and Bibliography

“The Effect of Drug Addictions on Juveniles” General Outline Introduction Drug abuse and addiction affects society in ma...

Course Paper Annotated Bibliography

., , , , ., & , . (1999). Effects of a cumulative alcohol dosing procedure on laboratory aggression in women and men. , 60(3), .             This study involves an experiment to determine whether alcohol consumption has an influence on aggressive behavior. One group consumed alcohol every hour and in between, they participated in sessions designed to measure levels of aggression; while the other group acted as experimental control. Results showed that greater alcohol consumption results to behavior that is more aggressive. Moreover, aggressive behavior due to alcohol develops in the long-term and people exhibiting aggressive behavior while sober end up showing greater aggressiveness when drunk. The study supports the assumption that alcohol plays an influential role in campus aggression that could result to killings so that access to alcohol and alcohol consumption of university students would be further discussed in the course paper. , ., & , . (2003). Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior. , 28(9), .             The study provides a direct and indirect relationship between drug intake and violent behavior. The direct relationship occurs because drugs may induce violence due to its effect on human cognition while indirect relationship covers situations when efforts to obtain drugs results to violence. Personality factors also influence the propensity of individuals on drugs to engage in aggressive behavior. In the course study, the influence of drugs on violent behavior would be further elaborated.  , . (2000). Toward a transformed approach to prevention: Breaking the link            between masculinity and violence. , 48(6),         .             This study proceeds with the assumption that gender-based violence emanates from perspectives of masculinity, since men perpetuate most gender-based offences. The study suggests that men could contribute to the minimization of sexual offences by changing their perspectives of masculinity. The study featured a year-long group sessions with 8 male participants that resulted to a marked change in their perspectives of masculinity that should influence the decline in their propensity to commit gender-based violence. This study provides that gender perceptions could influence campus violence so that the manner that gender perceptions influence violence will be further discussed in the course paper. ., & ,. (2003). Multiple-precursor scenarios—Predicting and reducing campus violence. , 18(5), .             This research sought to identify signs of risk behavior of interpersonal violence in schools as bases in determining predictive patters to find ways of preventing these risk behaviors to allay campus violence. Through a survey questionnaire floated to 451 college students and analyzed through the Violence Risk Assessment measure, gender and situational factors together with peer persuasion and alcohol consumption created patterns of violent behavior. Results of the study provide the course paper with the factors that influence the occurrence of campus violence. By identifying these risk factors, the course paper will be able to provide comprehensive information on campus violence for purposes of academic learning and informed policy-making in schools.  ., , ., & , . (1999). Guns at college. , 48(1), .             The study conducted a survey of 15,000 college students enrolled in 130 colleges offering four-year courses to investigate the frequency of firearm possession. Out of this number, 52,500 students or 3.5 percent of all respondents answered that they had a functioning firearm in college. Profiling of college students who own guns show that these people are usually involved in alcohol related crimes or accidents resulting to injuries and damages to property. This means that college students with working firearms tend to be involved in incidents that involve harm to themselves or to other people. This study provides the course paper with another perspective on campus violence that access to guns and alcoholism constitutes a recipe for violence or violent victimization.    ., & , . (2002). Guns and gun threats at college. , 51(2), .             This study constitutes an extension of their 1999 research and expands the investigation to the issue of gun threats. A survey of 10,000 college students enrolled in 119 colleges offering four-year courses showed that 43,000 or 4.3 percent of the respondents answered that they carried a functioning firearm in college and 16,000 answered that they have experienced gun threats during college. Again, a profiling of the students with guns showed that these are mostly male students living outside of campus, engaged in binge drinking, involved in risky or violent behavior, and enrolled in schools located in regions with high firearm prevalence among households. This study provides other risk factors for campus violence including regional location and household environment that influence their ownership of firearms and engagement in alcoholism and aggressive behavior that supports the information-gathering objective of the course paper. . (1996). Violence and other forms of victimization in residence halls: Perspectives of resident assistants. , 37(3), .             The study conducted a survey of 374 resident assistants in 12 schools and learned that the respondents have been engaged in 5,472 victimization incidents involving themselves or their fellow students. Only 41 percent of the incidents were reported to their supervisors while only 14 percent were reported to the police. In terms of causation, these incidents were mostly linked to alcohol and gender related issues. The study recommended means of improving reporting methods and enhancement of security in residence areas inside campuses. This study suggests that the involvement of school management and collaboration among various interested parties helps in minimizing victimization in residence halls, which would be further discussed in the course paper.  (1995). College campus violence: The nature of the problem and its frequency. , 7(1), .             This study highlights the importance of defining and understanding the issue of campus violence in order to implement effective preventive measures. The investigation focuses on the understanding of university heads and personnel of violence in universities in the United States. The study showed that educational institutions have an incomplete understanding of the problem of campus violence resulting to the inaccurate reporting and diagnosis of the issue. As such, educational institutions fail to enforce preventive or active measures to deal with the issue. To address campus violence, educational institutions need to recognize this information gap and take steps to develop a better diagnosis of the situation and information sharing with various parties in interest. Achieving a comprehensive understanding of the issue involves breaking certain barriers such as the indifferent attitudes and biased beliefs of individuals on the issue, which will be subject to elaboration in the course paper. ., & . (1995). College campus violence: Origins, impacts, and responses. , 7(1), .             This constitutes a follow-up study on the development of an understanding of campus violence. The research reports on the etiology of school violence. The paper propounds the argument that a typical university environment constitutes a hazardous setting for students and other university members. Violence stems from the influence of perspectives, attitudes and behaviors in enabling or reinforcing violent actions especially with the dynamics of these factors in situations involving alcohol consumption. Situational contexts determine whether one possibly becomes the victim or the perpetrator. As such, part of the recommended measures in dealing with campus violence is information dissemination on the causes of campus violence and the situations that could result to violence in the universities. Regulation of alcohol consumption inside the campus also constitutes a recommended measure to prevent campus violence. This study focuses on the factors and situations resulting to campus violence, which will be discussed in the course paper to provide a multi-perspective understanding of the issue.    ., &  (2001). Handgun sales, beer sales, and youth homicide, California 1972-1993., 22(2), .             This paper investigates the regulation of firearms and alcohol access as a policy consideration in minimizing youth violence. In taking California as focus of the case study, it was found that increases in beer and handgun sales could be associated with homicide rates especially killings committed by young people. This means that crime commission by young people is positively related to alcohol access and consumption as well as access and use of firearms. This research contributes causes of killings committed by young people and the areas for policy consideration that will be further discussed in the course paper.       Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Course Paper Annotated Bibliography

., , , , ., & , . (1999). Effects of a cumulative alcohol dosing procedure on laboratory aggression in women and men. , 60(3), . ...

Biofuels Replacing Fossil Fuels Annotated Bibliography

Biofuels Replacing Fossil Fuels Annotated Bibliography   <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> Giampietro, Mario, Kozo Mayumi, and Jesus Ramos-Martin. “Can Biofuels Replace Fossil Energy Fuels? A Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis Based on the Concept of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism: Part 1”. International Journal of Transdisciplinary Research 1.1 (2006): 51-87.</li> </ul>   Annotation: This journal emphasizes the two metaphors used to explain why biomass energy was abandoned during the industrial revolution. The two metaphors include the Yin-Yang tension between recycling and linearization, and the energy sector of a society seen like the heart of the human body. After the analysis of the two metaphors, the journal also provided a critical appraisal of the option of biofuels as an alternative to oil. Agreeing on the fact that humans must find a substitute for fossil energy does not entail that this substitute should be biofuels.   <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%"> Manuel, John. “Battle of the Biofuels”. Environmental Health Perspectives 115.2 (2007): 92+.</li> </ul> Annotation: The authors performed their analysis using public data on farm yields, commodity and fuel prices, farm energy and chemical inputs, production plant efficiencies, production of coproducts (e.g., an animal feed known as distillers dried grains with solubles, or DDGS), greenhouse gas emissions, and other environmental effects. The boundaries the authors established in accounting for energy inputs were larger than in other studies, including, for example, the energy required to manufacture the machinery used to farm corn and soybeans. The authors concluded that soybean biodiesel has major advantages over corn grain ethanol, but that neither can be depended upon to significantly reduce our reliance on petroleum without competing with the food supply. Instead, the report called for the development of biofuels based on nonfood crops such as prairie grasses and woody plants, which can be converted to synthetic hydrocarbons or cellulosic ethanol. ·         Elliott, David. Energy, Society, and Environment: Technology for a Sustainable Future. London: Routledge, 1997 Annotation: This book presents a number of environmental issues, including the issue on how biofuels can be used as a source of energy for different industrial processes. It also presents a number of issues in relation to the use of energy that affects the society and the planet entirely. In addition, the different problems in the environment in relation to the use of the different sources or forms of energy had been critically analyzed. ·         Homsy, George. “Earth, Wind, and Fire: Even the Threat of Global Warming Could Not Help Al Gore around Some Inconvenient Zoning”. Planning 73.8 (2007): 46+. Annotation: This magazine article presents the report of emphasizing the role of biofuels as a replacement of other forms of energy sources. The different sources of biofuels are also emphasized, thus, providing a good alternative for the use of biofuels as a replacement for fossil fuels. ·         Piet, Lens, Westermann, Peter, Marianne Haberbauer, and Angelo Moreno., ed. Biofuels for Fuel Cells: Renewable Energy from Biomass Fermentation. London: IWA Publishing, 2006. Annotation: This book discusses the application of biofuels for fuel cells, placing emphasis on the fact that biofuels are renewable energy from the fermentation of biomass. The different uses, applications, and facts regarding biofuels were indicated, thus, providing a good source for the topic to be discussed. ·         “Biofuels for Sustainable Transportation”. National Biofuels Program 2007 Annotation: This article emphasizes and discusses the different facts about biofuels, including its sources and its forms that can be used as a source of energy in different industrial processes. It also emphasizes the use of the different forms of biofuel in the economy of the United States. In addition, the effects of using biofuels in the environment have also been discussed, including the performance of biofuels in the market of the United States.       Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Biofuels Replacing Fossil Fuels Annotated Bibliography

Biofuels Replacing Fossil Fuels Annotated Bibliography Giampietro, Mario, Kozo Mayumi, and Jesus Ramos-Martin. “Can Biofuels Repl...

Critical Annotated Bibliography :MNC’s Global Integration – from a mobile phone service company’s subsidiary perspective

Critical Annotated Bibliography :MNC’s Global Integration – from a mobile phone service company’s subsidiary perspective

Biofuels Replacing Fossil Fuels Annotated Bibliography

Biofuels Replacing Fossil Fuels Annotated Bibliography

Biofuels Replacing Fossil Fuels Annotated Bibliography Giampietro, Mario, Kozo Mayumi, and Jesus Ramos-Martin. “Can Biofuels Repl...

Faecal incontinence : Annotated Bibliography

Faecal incontinence: The management of faecal incontinence in adults Norton, Christine (2007). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Published by the National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care at The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 35-43 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3PE   This study is a comprehensive study in a form of a report denoting to National Clinical Guideline as developed by the National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care. This study purports to various literature studies within specific rationale. This incurs a simple research look out pointing to the management of faecal incontinence in adults. The strength can adhere to the presence of effective clinical investigations made as supported by various proponents. Thus, involving process of experimentation was being adopted but it the study then was limited to a specific study function wherein situational cases are involved in lieu of structured knowledge found within the FI context.   Good practice in managing faecal incontinence Norton, Christine (2007). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Published by the National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care at The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 35-43 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3PE     A type of study giving in simple research within analysis using such tools of determining outcomes like for instance through surveys as found within the domains of the study. There implies to a systematic review of the study relating directly to patients within FI condition, the strength of this study, was that certain interviews and surveys as incorporated do impose a successful resource material that provided enough information in order for the readers to understand that FI process in adults will need good management practices. The limitation implies to a lack of evidence support that may possible speak details to the study from such biases.       Baseline assessment and initial management of faecal incontinence Norton, Christine (2007). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence Published by the National Collaborating Centre for Acute Care at The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 35-43 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3PE     The study is in form of assessment from such research paradigm dealing to FI as a means of disorder that provide stress to patients as the focus group of the study. The strength is that there is the presence of investigative dominance since, accuracy was realized into clinical outcomes thus, the limitation for this is that there were just a limited number of support studies that could make the main point more justifiable and clear.   Faecal incontinence Age and Ageing 2007; 36: 239–240 Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Geriatrics Society. Published electronically 22 March 2007     The study involved such guideline assuming useful randomized applications as done by the  British Geriatrics Society within such nursing home as the basis of research and one strength is that there allows extensive experience within such clinical approach but is limited only to multi-factorial assessments which can affect identification of prevalence ratios from such FI coherence.     Fortnightly review Faecal incontinence Michael A Kamm BMJ 1998; 316; 528-532   The study is a comprehensive review done by Michael Kamn during the year 1998 as it represents such FI episodes within adult population paving the way for a reliable epidemiological data concerning the involved condition. The strength of this particular study review is that it provides awareness to people that FI poses a serious case mostly, in adults and that medical cost for it are high in nature. The limitation point out to a limited area of study setting wherein information is deemed essential as there can be deviation from what should be the focus respondents as it deals to uncertain types – namely adults over 65 and women giving birth which can denote below 65 year old age group.   Scope: NICE Guidelines (2007)   The study is in type of a guideline discussing such FI scope as prepared by NICE, in a way having indications of a report as narrated. The strength of the study is that it managed a simple realization of FI process but was limited only to a specific age bracket for ample study process and certain study proficiency lacks study endurance wherein certain research tools maybe utilized.    Digestive health in the elderly: faecal incontinence in adults M. DELVAUX Gastroenterology Unit, CHU Rangueil, Toulouse, France Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 18 (Suppl. 3): 84–89.   A kind of meta analysis study from the Gastroenterology Unit wherein it incurs evidence of FI in the elderly people, the strength is that utilization of such issues about the condition has been tackled properly pointing towards the impact of having a quality life among the elderly and that it assumes the role of health providers within the study context. Also, the presence of published epidemiological study serves an important factor to address functionality of FI in process. Hence, such limitation of the study is that the desired analysis is not properly placed in value to what is the core structure wherein specific respondents does not have conformity to the study relevance.       Trends and Current Issues in Adult Fecal Incontinence (FI): Towards Enhancing the Quality of Life for FI Patients Gino C. MATIBAG1, Hiroshi NAKAZAWA1, Paolo GIAMUNDO2 and Hiko TAMASHIRO1     The study asserts a review of issues as directed towards FI condition within elderly people as explained by Matibag and others  from such valuing what is quality of life within support to certain articles that follow guidelines for example, those being set by Cochrane Reviewers’ Handbook. The strength of the study is that accuracy in showing QOL assessment percentage is applicable for certain ways that provided clear definition of FI reflecting valid epidemiology figures as collated within various studies. The limitation of the study is that, certain implications does not parallel to a possible effective study assumptions and research evidence through the articles involved.     Placement of Artificial Bowel Sphincters in the Management of Faecal Incontinence May 2003 MSAC application 1053 Assessment report   The study is about comprehensive report made for such understanding of FI within the Australian population. The limitation imposes that such good data were unavailable for the assessment of safety and that low-level evidence indicated such issues affecting percentage ratios within patients. The strength can be that the study implies to such related procedures in order to ideally find assessment in the effectiveness of implanting certain artificial bowel sphincter upon treating faecal incontinence and the fact that comparative undertakings were used that makes the study have a balanced  appraisal of study outcomes       Thomas, S., Nay, R., Moore, K., Fonda, D., Hawthorne, G., Marosszeky, N. & Sansoni, J. (2005). Continence Outcomes Measurement Suite Project (Final Report). Canberra: Department of Health and Ageing.     The study incorporates such literature analysis upon which investigations were being made, the study is more of a research paper as such proponents are dominant upon underlying discussions like, Baker (2005) indicated that FI is one common reason for seeking nursing home placement as the institutionalized elderly suffer from FI condition but, often hesitate to ask for help because they are embarrassed. The ideal strength of this study is that  it emphasizes a justifiable collaboration of reviews done by certain authors in support to such guidelines such as those within the NICE context and giving ample amount of understanding various FI definitions. The study limitation can be that causal linkages are too broad wherein certain study specifications are left unrecognized and such research segments are not specified at all means.    Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Faecal incontinence : Annotated Bibliography

Faecal incontinence: The management of faecal incontinence in adults Norton, Christine (2007). National Institute for Health and Cl...

Annotated Bibliography :Alzheimer or dementia in older adults with down syndrome

Annotated Bibliography   Alzheimer’s Disease: Understanding How Down Syndrome Increase Risk. (2007). Web MD.               This online article tackles how Down syndrome increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Such article stresses that people with Down syndrome may experience health problems as they age that are similar to those experienced by older persons in the general population. People with Down syndrome also experience premature aging. The symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease may be expressed differently among adults with Down syndrome. It was also noted in the article that estimates suggest that 25% or more of individuals with Down syndrome over age 35 show the signs and symptoms of Alzheimer’s-type dementia and that the percentage increases with age.   Ashford, J., Borson, S., O’Hara, P., Dash, P. Frank, L., Robert, P., Shankle, W., Tierney, M., Brodaty, H. and Schmitt, F. (2003). Should older adults be screened for dementia? It is important to screen for evidence of dementia., Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 3(2): 75-80.               This article discusses the importance of diagnosing dementia and the equal importance of having diagnosing mechanisms. Important to note is that persons with dementia are missing important clinical care and treatment interventions. The authors maintain that Dementia screening approaches, including cognitive testing and functional assessment, must be evaluated on their scientific merits, including sensitivity and specificity for recognizing affected individuals in at-risk populations and that screening tests must be “cost-worthy”, with the benefits of true-positive test results justifying the costs of testing and resolving false-positive cases, with due consideration for proper diagnostic evaluation and potential harms.     Dementia and intellectual disabilities. (2003). Alzheimer’s Disease International.               The number of people with intellectual disabilities affected by dementia and the number of people affected differently by Alzheimer’s disease is discussed in this article. In addition, the article also confers about how dementia is diagnosed in people with intellectual disabilities, the services that that dementia-affected individuals may require and that principles that should guide that care decisions of people with intellectual disabilities and dementia.      Growdon, J. (2008). Drugs for Alzheimer’s Disease Found to Slow Cognitive Decline: Benefits Last Years. Senior Journal Online.               Growdon maintains that the advance of Alzheimer’s disease can be significantly slowed by the extended treatment with available drugs through a combination therapy with two different classes of drugs that help patients maintain their ability to perform daily activities. The two types of medications have received FDA approval for Alzheimer’s treatment. These are cholinesterase inhibitors and the drug memantine. Although the model’s projection of future benefits is conservative, it predicted that the longer patients kept receiving combination therapy, the smaller their rate of decline would become, suggesting that treatment might even protect brain cells from further damage, a possibility needing further investigation.   Haan, M. (2008). Senior Citizens Reduce the Risk of Dementia by 50% by Taking Statins, Says Study.             Haan claim that some of the risk factors for dementia include high cholesterol, Type 2 diabetes, obesity and hypertension. The author also noted that the study did not look at statins as a treatment for existing dementia, only as a preventative. Statins are drugs that specifically lower LDL or bad cholesterol and are taken by millions of senior citizens hoping to avoid cardiovascular disease. The longitudinal study was originally funded in 1997 to look at metabolic and vascular conditions like hypertension and diabetes and their effect on the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. In this current study, Haan’s group set out to measure whether taking statins over time lowered the development of dementia in that same high-risk population. Of 1,674 participants who were free of dementia at the start of the study, 27 percent, or 452 people, took statins at some point in the study. Over the five-year follow up period, 130 participants developed dementia or cognitive impairment. Researchers adjusted for factors such as education, smoking status, the presence of a particular gene thought to predict dementia, and history of stroke or diabetes. Mental Illness, Alzheimer’s, Dementia, Older Adults. Department of Community Health. State of Michigan.               The article is about the development of mental illness in the early life and how the person’s life could be at risk because of these illnesses. It was argued that accurate assessment is critical, as memory loss is NOT a normal part of aging. The role of family caregivers were also discussed, and also how the risks could augment for them especially in terms of depression and other physical problems. How the settings for older adults who exhibit significant changes and disturbances in mood, cognition or behavior that may pose a danger to themselves or others could be increased is also addressed.   Mendez, M. (2005). Down syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease and seizures. Brain and Development, 27(4): 246-252.               This journal article revealed that: Down syndrome patients aged over 45 years are significantly more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease than those less than 45 years and up to 84% demented individuals with Down syndrome develop seizures. Late-onset epilepsy in Down syndrome is associated with Alzheimer’s disease, while early-onset epilepsy is associated with an absence of dementia. In Alzheimer’s disease patients with a younger age of dementia onset are particularly susceptible to seizures. Down syndrome adults with epilepsy score significantly higher overall on the adaptive behaviour profile. Language function declined significantly more rapidly in Alzheimer’s disease patients with seizures.   Monath, J. (1997), Alzheimer’s Disease, Long-Term Care and Health Policy: Who’s Going to Pay the Bill?. Reference Services Review, 25(1): 7-23.             Abstract: Many people with Alzheimer’s disease need long-term care to help with activities of daily living. Annual costs are estimated at between billion and billion. Medicare does not cover this, and Medicaid help is limited. Longer life spans, shrinking savings rates, and increased costs of long-term care could spell financial disaster unless remedial steps are taken soon. In this article, Monath attempts to provide a substantive core selection of materials related to Alzheimer’s disease, long-term care, and health policy. Documents covered include journals, government documents, and grey literature. Having this knowledge, with facts and figures at hand, can help sway public officials to create policy that uses tax dollars wisely by investing in research that will find a cause, prevention, and possibly a cure for Alzheimer’s disease while saving taxpayers billions of dollars in the future. Older Brain Really May Be a Wiser Brain. The New York Times.               This research discovered that though some brains deteriorate with age, other brains became more capable of taking in more data and sifting the clutter of information which may be more beneficial in the long run. The researchers concluded that: “If older people are taking in more information from a situation, and they’re then able to combine it with their comparatively greater store of general knowledge, they’re going to have a nice advantage.”   Prasher, V. P., Metseagharun, T. and Hague, S. (2004). Weight Loss in Adults with Down Syndrome and with Dementia in Alzheimer’s Disease. Research in Developmental Studies: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 25(1): 1-7.               This journal article is about a conducted 4-year longitudinal study of adults with Down syndrome with and without Alzheimer’s disease. The researchers discovered that age-associated weight loss is prevalent in all older adults with Down syndrome. Highlighting important research and clinical issues regarding weight loss and nutrition in Down syndrome adults with dementia, the study reveals the significant association between weight loss and Alzheimer’s disease was found for older adults with Down syndrome.      Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Annotated Bibliography :Alzheimer or dementia in older adults with down syndrome

Annotated Bibliography Alzheimer’s Disease: Understanding How Down Syndrome Increase Risk. (2007). Web MD. This online...