Research Articles Base: Solid And Liquid Waste Disposals

Solid and Liquid Waste Disposals Thesis Proposal

Investigating Solid and Liquid Waste Disposals and their Environmental Impacts: An Empirical Study of Woodlawn (South West Sydney)   1.0  Title The working title of the research is initially drafted as Investigating Solid and Liquid Waste Disposals and their Environmental Impacts: An Empirical Study of Woodlawn (South West Sydney). The study will explore the how Woodlawn conforms to responsible waste management and the environmental consequences of the lack of effective solid and liquid waste management systems and also the treatment, disposal and disposals of these wastes. The role, functions and responsibilities of people in Woodlawn, the government and the authority having jurisdiction will also be investigated. 2.0  Background of the Study Waste management refers to the process of collecting, transporting, processing, recycling and disposal of waste materials. Such process is usually connected with various human-related activities that generate wastes and is undertaken for the purpose of reducing its effects on health and the environment as well as to recover utilizable resources from it. Various forms of wastes are solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances that are perceived to hazardous. In addition, practices and processes of treating waste management vary for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas and for residential and industrial.    The City of Sydney recognises the importance of its role in managing wastes and the impact that it will have on the future of Sydney. As claimed, the role transcends beyond mere domestic waste collection and disposal into encouraging people to recycle and resource recovery in reducing the amount of waste transported in landfills and making the place more sustainable. Notable is that the domestic, commercial and industrial waste as well as the littering and illegal dumping places enormous pressures on the natural environment. To manage the waste, Sydney implements the Waste Management and Minimisation Act 1995 and Waste Avoidance and Recovery Act 2001. In the local waste management schema, South Western Sydney is taking part on this through building recycling plant at Woodlawn (Frew, 2007). The extent to which Woodlawn is participating in combating the environmental consequences of generating waste volume is unknown; this research will investigate this subject. 3.0  Objectives of the Study The main purpose of this study is to conduct an exploratory research on the solid and liquid waste management in Woodlawn and to evaluate how this impacts the environment. To accomplish this, the research will attempt to address the following specific objectives: §         To determine the solid and liquid waste management strategies in Woodlawn and the actions to improve such §         To distinguish how the people and the government take their responsibility in planning, collecting, segregating, transporting and storing wastes  §         To discover the risks of improper waste disposal in Woodlawn and how this affect the environment §         To learn the functions of waste disposal authorities and waste management policies in Woodlawn  4.0  Research Plan This study will adapt an interpretivist approach in research using exploratory research strategy because it aims to know more about the phenomenon of solid and liquid waste management. Interpretivism is the necessary research philosophy for this study because it allows the search, of the ‘details of the situation, to understand the reality or perhaps a reality working behind them (Remenyi et al., 1998). From the interpretivist perception, it is necessary to explore the subjective meanings motivating people’s actions in order to understand their actions. The research strategy will be used as the study will involve literature review, interview of experts in the field, and survey of respondents. The approach in the study will be using both quantitative and qualitative. As such, Primary and secondary research will be conducted in the study. In primary research, the study will survey the people of Woodlawn and will interview experts regarding the matter. A structured questionnaire will be developed and it will be used as the survey tool for the study. It is planned that the questionnaire will have a 5 point Likert Scale, as well as ranking questions. Data on both medium will be compared and evaluated using SPSS. Aside from survey, a secondary research will also be conducted in the study. Sources in secondary research will include previous research reports, newspaper, magazine and journal content, the Internet and books. Sometimes, secondary research is required in the preliminary stages of research to determine what is known already and what new data are required, or to inform research design. Basically, interpretation will be conducted which can account as qualitative in nature. 5.0  Timetable   TASK Month   1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th Select topic                   Undertake preliminary literature search                   <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> Define research questions</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> Write-up aims and objectives</li> </ul>                   Select appropriate methodology and locate sources of information. Confirm access.                   Write-up Dissertation Plan                   Undertake and write-up draft critical literature review.                   Secondary and Primary Data Detailed <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> Sources</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> Consulted</li> </ul>                   Research Findings: <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> Analyzed</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> Evaluated</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> Written-up</li> </ul>                   Discussion: <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> Research findings evaluated and discussed in relation to the literature review</li> </ul>                   Methodology written-up (including limitations and constraints)                   Main body of the report written-up and checked for logical structure                   <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> Conclusions drawn</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"> Recommendations made</li> </ul>                   Introduction and Executive Summary written-up                   Final format and indexing                   Print                     6.0  Expected Outcomes The research shall be divided into five chapters in order to provide clarity and coherence on the discussion of the environmental effects of solid and liquid waste management in Woodlawn. The first part of the dissertation will be discussing the problem uncovered by the researcher and provide ample background of the topic. The chapter shall constitute an introduction to the whole dissertation, the hypothesis, and the statement of the problem in order to present the basis of the study. Moreover, the chapter shall also have a discussion on the scope of its study as well as the significance of the study to society in general and specific effects of corporate disclosures. The second chapter shall be discussing the relevance of the study in the existing literature. It shall provide studies on proper waste treatment, storage and disposal and how the environment can be affected in the process. After the presentation of the existing related literature, the researcher shall provide a synthesis of the whole chapter in relation to the study. The third part of the study shall be discussing the methods and procedures used in the study. The chapter shall comprise of the presentation of the utilized techniques for data collection and research methodology. Similarly, it shall also contain a discussion on the used techniques in data analysis as well as the tools used to acquire the said data. The fourth chapter shall be an analysis on the tabulated data. After the said tabulation, the data are statistically treated in order to uncover the relationship of the variable involved in the study. With the said data, the chapter seeks to address the statement of the problem noted in the first chapter. The last chapter shall comprise of three sections, the summary of the findings, the conclusions of the study, and the recommendations. With the three portions, the chapter shall be able to address the verification of the hypothesis stated in the initial chapters of the study. 7.0  References/Bibliography   Frew, W, 2007, All power to the super dump’s stench, Sydney Morning Herald Online.   Impact of Waste, City of Sydney, retrieved on 15 August 2008 from http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/Environment/Waste/CurrentStatus/ImpactOfWaste.asp.   Managing Waste, City of Sydney, retrieved on 15 August 2008 from http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/Environment/Waste/CurrentStatus/ManagingWaste.asp.   Remenyi, D, Williams, B, and Swartz, E 1998, Doing Research in Business Management: An Introduction to Process and Method, Sage Publications,        Inc. London.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Solid and Liquid Waste Disposals Thesis Proposal

Investigating Solid and Liquid Waste Disposals and their Environmental Impacts: An Empirical Study of Woodlawn (South West Sydney) 1.0...

Factors that Contribute for Poor Solid Waste Disposal Management in Ethiopia

Factors that Contribute for Poor Solid Waste Disposal Management in Ethiopia Introduction The poor solid waste disposal management is a growing health threat among the nations. Because of the aim of the country to develop and catch with the developed countries, the industrial sectors that are identified to be the strongest point of every economy are prioritized. The change in technological and technical aspects also creates a great impact in the industrial sector. However, the issue of pollution and the proper waste management are suspicious and often neglected by most of the organization. Because of the simple ways that might pollute the environment, the climate changes and the consequences it brought became more obvious in the present times. Different Factors The Ethiopian city council recognizes six major sources of solid waste: households, street, commercial institutes, industries, hotels and hospitals. Available data for 1993 shows that households take the lion share of solid waste generated in the city. From total generated households 71%, street 10%, commercial institutions 9%, industries 6%, hotels 3% and hospitals 1%. A human excreta is the major area of concern even from the household wastes. In 1984 about 30% of the population of the city has no access to latrines. This proportion estimated to have only slightly fallen to 29.2 per cent in 1997 in relative terms. This means almost one-third of the population of the city has no latrines and experiences open defecation. Hence human excreta take proportionate share of the solid waste in the city. Moreover the available septic tanks used in the latrines usually overflows and pollute most of the older and overcrowded inner city with no short term solutions (Yami, 1999). The city administration has been making extensive efforts towards providing public laterins towards this end. Ash and smoke are other major components of waste originating from households. Apart from lighting, electricity has never been an important source of energy for the larger proportion of households. The study conducted by Beyene (1992) indicates that firewood, charcoal, dung cakes and other traditional bi-products are the major sources of energy for domestic use. For instance, the 1994 census result indicates that the domestic energy requirement of about 47 percent of housing units of the city is met from fire wood and leaves, charcoal, cow dung cakes and manure and combination of all these and kerosene. The amount of ash and smoke generated through combustion of these materials is immense. The other household waste worth consideration is “chat” which being increasingly used by most of the population of the city. It consumed as means of recreation by many people and serves as a stimulant. However, the increasing number of people using chat, its disposal in the ditches, open space and drainage systems liter the urban area and block the drainage systems to the determent of the environment and the health of population. Industrial waste is apparently insignificant. In 1993 it account for 6 per cent of total volume of waste generated in the city. Although industrial solid wastes proportionately law, location factors and pollution control measures are yet to be adequately enforced. Although it is obvious that this particular instance has historical and economic reasons, its effect on the environment is undeniable. Landfill sites itself needs an attention. Landfill has impact on the surface and ground water. Decomposition of organic materials produces different gases, which has effect on the air above. Hence proper use of landfill requires certain standard including spreading refuse in the thin layers and compacting by bulldozer before next year spread. All measures meant to control contamination of surface and ground water as well as the air. None of these practices are apparent in the landfill site of the city. Moreover, it is unprotected where children, destitute women and youngsters scavenging for survival. This also needs proper attention (Kuma, 2004). The increasing problem of urban waste management has its roots in history. When the time the city was built as an administrative center in 1880s there was hardly any thought of waste as a proportional threat. Never the settlement pattern or the mind setup of residents was in conformity with waste management issues. Thus the current problems are, at least in part, the cumulative effects of the historical development patterns of the city through the century and traditions of its people. With these features the expanse of the city space shows the immensity of the problem with high cost implications to ameliorate it (Kuma, 2004). References: Beyene, G., (1999) Managing Solid Waste in Addis Ababa paper presented in the Integrated Development for Water Supply and Sanitation, Addis Ababa. Kuma, T., (2004) Dry Waste Management in Addis Ababa City, Ethiopian Development Research Institute. Ecological and Environmental Economics Programme Yami, B., (1999) Solid Waste Management in Ethiopia- paper presented in the Integrated Development for Water Supply and Sanitation, Addis Ababa. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Factors that Contribute for Poor Solid Waste Disposal Management in Ethiopia

Factors that Contribute for Poor Solid Waste Disposal Management in Ethiopia Introduction The poor solid waste disposal management is a...

Proposal on Waste Management

Waste production, both household and manufacturing waste, continues to increase world-wide in tandem with growth in consumption. In developed countries, per capita waste generation increased nearly three-fold over the last two decades, reaching a level five to six times higher than that in developing countries. With increases in populations and living standards, waste generation in developing countries is also increasing rapidly, and may double in volume in the current decade. If current trends continue, the world may see a five-fold increase in waste generation by the year 2025. A high proportion of the waste could be recycled by the urban poor generating income for themselves and protecting the environment. There is a need to develop an integrated approach where the public, private and community sectors have to work together work together to develop local solutions promoting sustainable solid waste management.               No single solution has been identified that completely answers the question of what to do with solid waste. Every community or region has its own unique profile regarding solid waste. The attitudes of people in different regions of each country vary regarding waste management practice. The diversity of communities and their waste is one reason why no single approach to waste management has been accepted as “the best” method. Since there is no preferred method, every community must create its own “best approach” to dealing with its waste. However, all communities have the same alternatives.               Waste management practices vary from country to country in Africa. Although majority of large cities have administered waste management practices of different level of sophistication, in some African countries there is no official solid waste management policy. . Solid waste is disposed in the natural streams and rivers, in the surrounding bush or marshland.             In Nigeria, a nationwide public education campaign was conducted under the banner of sanitation. Some of these programs began in the mid-1980s and continue in operation to the present time. In most cases they were undertaken by the district governate for the municipal area in collaboration with community service organizations, the health department, the education department, and the media. The results of these programs ranged from drastic reductions in indiscriminate dumping to community-based MSW pre-collection and street cleaning.               Traditionally organic waste is also used for feeding domestic animals and as fertilizer in gardening. In many cases, solid waste disposal points are spontaneously created along the most accessible roads around the areas. Depending on the performance of the official collecting system, the disposal points are more or less important. Also times, fire is used to burn heaps of waste. This creates toxic smoke, which is detrimental for health. Solid waste is disposed in bulk without prior sorting or treatment. Many attempts are made by NGOs, supported by donors, to introduce the presorting of household solid waste into organic and inorganic, reusable and non-reusable waste. They further encourage composting with organic matter and recovery of other forms of solid waste. In general, the vital needs for the African urban population are zoning of the land, quantitative and qualitative availability of water, availability of energy, good drainage of rainwater, good final disposal of used water, the good final disposal of solid and liquid waste, adequate market place, hygiene and sanitation.             Waste handling practices include collection, transfer, reuse, recovery, recycling, composting and incineration. Brief review of waste handling practices based on available literature for Africa is given below. In late 1970s an Italian firm constructed an incineration plant in Lagos, Nigeria. After lengthy commissioning process the plant operated for a short time and was closed due to operation difficulties and lack of spare parts.             In general, at the household level in low-income peri-urban areas, resource recovery begins with the reuse of plastic bags, bottles, paper, cardboard, and cans for domestic purposes, thereby extending their useful life. The rate of reuse in this instance is high, and these materials enter the waste stream only when they are no longer fit for domestic use. In high income areas, recovery is carried out by domestic servants and/or wardens. Rather than reusing the materials directly, they sell bottles, plastics, cardboard, and paper to middlemen or commercial centers that pay for these materials. The extent to which these transactions occur depends on the availability of marketable end uses for the materials. While such industries may be found in some primary cities, they are largely absent in secondary cities and in rural areas. Even in those cases where they are found, they do not consistently stimulate recycling in their host cities.             Most major cities in Africa have an established municipal waste collection system. Collection is carried out by human- and animal-drawn carts (wheelbarrows, pushcarts), open-back trucks, compactor trucks, and trailers. Collection rates across the continent range from 20 to 80%. Common feature of the municipalities is that they are ineffective, under-equipped and poorly maintained (often vehicle immobilization rates reach as high as 70%), inadequately funded and poorly staffed. Often collection services are limited to high visibility areas, the wealthy, and businesses willing to pay for this service. Where collection is performed by non-mechanical means, the volume of material to be collected often exceeds the capacity of the collection system. Because large areas of the cities are inaccessible to large vehicles, pre-collection is the first step in the waste management chain. Pre-collection is carried out by community groups in some areas not served directly by municipal vehicles. This is often carried out by small communal organizations or micro-enterprises that employ otherwise jobless youths, women, and sometimes even small children. Systems were initially funded by local or international NGOs. Collection from skips, a few transfer stations, or door-to-door in high income areas had been modeled on the North American and European systems. However, they typically deteriorated after three to five years because of the unsuitability of the vehicles and lack of maintenance budgets.             Composting is a controlled natural process of decomposition of organic waste material. It reduces the cost of waste disposal, minimize nuisance potential, and produce a clean and readily marketable finished product. Composting helps to increase the recovery rate of recyclable materials.             Despite the relative simplicity of composting, its suitability for developing countries, and its compelling economic and environmental benefits, several projects initiated over the past decades have failed due to technical, financial, and institutional reasons.               Incineration and waste-to-energy (WTE) presently do not play significant roles in municipal waste management in Africa. High costs relative to other MWM options, a limited infrastructure of human, mechanical and institutional resources, and high content of inerts in the waste stream suggest that incineration is an inappropriate technology for Africa now and for the foreseeable future. Incineration in Africa would be infeasible if the waste stream is indeed 70% (wet basis) putrescible organic content. Under these conditions, incineration is likely to be an energy-consuming rather than energy-producing option.             Worldwide, modern landfills that are properly designed and operated are the most cost-effective and environmentally acceptable means of waste disposal when population density and land availability are not at issue. Because of this, the use of landfills as the primary means of waste disposal is a preferred waste disposal option for Africa. Landfills are generally sited based on considerations of access to collection vehicles rather than hydrological or public health considerations. This practice ranges from cities in the more arid regions of the North Africa such as Algeria, Libya, and Sudan to those in higher rainfall central countries such as Cameroon and Zaire. The environmental and health consequences for water sources at risk are more significant for the latter cities than the former.             Of all the regions of the world, Africa has the lowest level of investment of World Bank funds in the solid waste sector. Despite a stand-alone solid waste and drainage project in Nigeria in the pre-1988 period, repeating such large investments in the solid waste sector has been contemplated only recently.             Common waste management practice in main African cities often include street sweeping. It is carried out by a private sector as well as by municipal public works staff. Street sweeping is most often performed manually. In some cities the streets are swept at dawn prior to the opening of the market places and commercial centers and prior to the first pass of the MSW collection service. In other cities sweeping occurs at dusk, with the closing of the market places and commercial centers.             The debris is deposited into public waste receptacles along the street and outside the market place. This waste is then removed later for disposal. Collections generally occur at dawn before the commercial centers open and at dusk after these centers have closed for the day. Collections from market places and commercial centers tend to be made in the evening while collections from residential areas and of street sweepings are made at dawn. In the case of markets with stalls assigned to individual vendors, the vendor is generally responsible for sweeping his/her stall and placing the debris at the curb. Municipal street sweepers then clean these common areas and set out the waste for pick up by the collection vehicle. Environmental health refers to those aspects of human health, including quality of life, that are determined by physical, biological, social, and psychosocial factors in the environment.             Most causes of disease, injury, and death in developing countries lie outside the purview of the health sector. The lack of adequate waste collection and disposal systems in developing countries causes public health problems resulting in diseases, which aggravates poverty and leads to negative consequences such as loss of income due to illness, increased spending on health care, and the deprivation of the poor’s capability to live in a safer environment.             [1]Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency – The management of the nation’s apex maritime regulatory authority, Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA), has lauded the management of African Circle Pollution Management Limited (ACPML) for the strides it has taken in fulfilling the agreement it signed with the Federal Government on the control of marine pollution in Nigeria’s territorial waters. The agency, which has a mandate to enforce the global maritime watchdog, International Maritime Organization (IMO)’s conventions and guidelines in Nigeria, also commended the management of ACPML on its level of compliance with the provisions of the Nigerian Content Development Monitoring Board (NCDMB) Act.             The provisions of the Act, which were signed into law last year by President Good luck Jonathan seek to empower indigenous operators and boost the economy as it made it mandatory for operators in the oil and gas industry to ensure the use of local content in the execute of contracts in the country. Hitherto, it was not mandatory for operators in the oil and gas industry, as well as other sectors to use indigenous resources in the executions of projects in the country. This led to huge capital flight and the domination of the oil and gas industry by foreign operators.             Describing it as encouraging, he enjoined other companies in the maritime industry to emulate the management of ACPML in the implementation of the Local Content Act. ACPM was mandated by the Federal Government to provide waste reception facilities at the nation’s seaports in line with the guidelines of global maritime watchdog, the International Maritime Organization (IMO), particularly marine pollution (MARPOL) 72, 73, and 78. This was sequel to the provisions of the agreement it signed with the Federal Government on build, operate and transfer (BOT) basis. The agency also reiterated its commitment to the effective implementation of the provisions of the IMO guidelines and conventions, especially MARPOL 73/78.             NIMASA Director General, Mr. Ziakede Akpobolokemi, stated this when he led top shots of the agency on a facility tour of the operations of the African Circle Pollution Management Limited (ACPML) located in the Free Zone, Snake Island, Lagos. Akpobolokemi was at ACPML facility in the Snake Island as part of efforts to ensure that the provisions of the IMO MARPOL 1973/78 Conventions as it relates to adequacy of port reception facilities in the country are complied with.             He disclosed that the management of the agency would support public private partnership (PPP) model to facilitate effective management of ship-generated waste within the Nigerian marine and coastal environment. According to him, the management of the agency would not relent in its efforts to implement the global maritime watchdog conventions as it relates to the management of the nation’s marine environment. He added that a roadmap on marine waste management in Nigeria would soon be made public. He said that regulations of IMO and Nigerian laws were taken into consideration in arriving at the road map structured to provide the ideal platform to grow the business of managing waste generated in the Nigerian maritime environment.             Commending the management of ACPML for the Lagos operations, which he described as the best in the West Africa sub-region, Akpobolokemi enjoined the management of the firm, which has Mr. Ayodele Emmanuel as its Managing Director to work at improving operations in Port Harcourt, Calabar, Warri and One Ports.             He noted that investment in waste management in the Nigerian marine environment would not only improve the country’s rating in the global maritime industry, but also have a multiplier effect of employment generation in Nigeria amongst others.   		 		 		 		[1] 		 		 		http://www.afriquejet.com/news/africa-news/nigeria-marine-waste:-nimasa-lauds-african-circle-2011052012722.html 		  Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Proposal on Waste Management

Waste production, both household and manufacturing waste, continues to increase world-wide in tandem with growth in consumpti...

Solid Waste Management Practices among Selected Fast food Chains in Davao City

Solid Waste Management Practices among Selected Fast food Chains in Davao City Davao City has been a center for tourism business in the country nowadays.  There are many world-class tourism establishments, hotels, restaurants and fast foods that are booming in the   place.  In this relation, Davao City has been practicing   solid waste disposal management in the food industry in order to sustain and maintain the tourism   and green vision of the province.  The   people in Davao strongly believe that proper waste disposal management has a great impact on the   tourism promotion of the place   as well as to its different industries.  In fact, there are many tourism food establishments that are now using Compact Fluorescent Lamp; as well as many hotels are also  using  pumps for  main source of  collecting energy  from other sources which are converted into reusable heat like  warm water that are in bathrooms in various hotels.  These are only a few of the many environmentally-friendly   changes and environmental advocacies of Davao City in the hotel, restaurant and fast food businesses    all over the place.  This is also a reason that Davao City has been considered as the cleanest, greenest and most sought tourist spot in the world nowadays.  (http://lakbaypilipinas.com/green-tourism-brewing-in-davao-hotels-and-supermarkets/)   Furthermore, in order to expand more  the “Greening the Tourism Industry “ in Davao; there are many  public officials who really exert their best effort to  encourage  fast food sector to  participate in the program in order to minimize the  effects of carbon dioxide to  global warming.  For instance Marco Polo Davao has taken its initiative to lead the “green tourism” drive all over the   hotel and food establishment’s areas.  As a result, at present time, “green tourism” program is now being practiced by some responsible food establishments, hotels and resorts in the place.  In the same way, Toryanos, a local native chicken restaurant in the city is also doing the same   green tourism advocacy through using environmentally-friendly products for its chicken house.  They use barbecue sticks for their chicken, then instead of putting those used barbecue sticks to trash; the management and the employees got an idea of making them as artistic decorations on the entire wall of the chicken house. By the same token, SM City Davao, which is  one of the tourism establishments, is doing its own share in supporting the environmental advocacy of the city by  using CFL   in  the mall  since this provides  minimum power consumption as well as  it has longer life.  Moreover, all SM City of Davao also joined in the Davao Light and Power Company and “Trash to Cash” campaign.  This gesture from the company is to help other environmental sectors in Davao to   conserve water and energy, as well as to have air quality efficiency; and above all, to have an effective solid waste management during its daily operations. (http://www.ausenco.com/icms_docs/64104_Waste_Management_Practices_on_the_Island_of_Mindanao_Philippines.pdf) In view thereof, Davao City practices the most comprehensive solid waste management program which is implemented din three major commercial areas in the place.  There is a regular  collection practices of daily wastes among  hotels, restaurants and fast food chains, at the same time,  Davao City has   one dumpsite or landfill that serves  up to 70 percent of the  Davao population. More importantly, the municipality of Davao City provides solid waste collection service to almost 70 percent of the residences including business establishments in the Davao region.  Davao City has 46 collection   trucks which are operated by the Environmental and Natural Resources Office, Solid Waste Management Section (SWMS).  The collection operation of wastes is divided to three shifts daily.  Each shift has two or more cycles of wastes collection.  And, normally, the collection crews sort through the garbage as they dump those into collection trucks as to remove recyclable materials from the waste stream.  The implementation and practices of waste disposal management in Davao is patterned from the United States.  The drive of classification or sorting of solid wastes in the landfill sites are   being supported and provided by the local government in Davao City in order to  assure and protect the  health and safety  of the entire population  in the place. The dumpsite is situated about 9 kilometers away from the center downtown area. The original landfill is being improved   as new open dump where wastes are unloaded immediately by the nearby highway of the City-owned Assortment trucks.    After the trucks dumped their waste loads, the scavengers are right away pick up or remove recyclable materials.  There is a further plan for the landfill to improve its location; as well as to include the use of composite limners and a leachate collection treatment system for a more sanitary and safety wastes facility in the place.  (http://www.ausenco.com/icms_docs/64104_Waste_Management_Practices_on_the_Island_of_Mindanao_Philippines.pdf) References: (http://lakbaypilipinas.com/green-tourism-brewing-in-davao-hotels-and-supermarkets/) (http://www.ausenco.com/icms_docs/64104_Waste_Management_Practices_on_the_Island_of_Mindanao_Philippines.pdf) (http://www.ausenco.com/icms_docs/64104_Waste_Management_Practices_on_the_Island_of_Mindanao_Philippines.pdf)   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Solid Waste Management Practices among Selected Fast food Chains in Davao City

Solid Waste Management Practices among Selected Fast food Chains in Davao City Davao City has been a center for tourism business in th...

Determination of Excreta disposal in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania and Measures of Dislodging

Excreta disposal in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania and measures of dislodging   Dar-es-Salaam is the largest city in Tanzania.  As with any rapidly growing city, there is an existing problem with waste disposal.  The sudden surge in growth and expansion of the city has stretched the city’s infrastructure and as a result many residents have no basic urban services- solid and wastewater management, street lights, serviced roads, and piped water.  Solid waste removal has been a particularly big concern for the country.  Removal of solid waste is one of the services which makes the housing, environmental condition of the city, public health and scenic view of a city more beautiful.  The pace at which Dar-es-Salaam has grown makes it very difficult for the government to keep up with the solid waste removal.  “A substantial number of Dar-es-Salaam residents live in unplanned areas of the city because the speed of the city growth has been faster than the rate of providing services and infrastructure development.  At the same time, the lack of surveyed plots led some families to build their homes in areas that are ecologically fragile- flood prone valleys and swamp areas.  These are areas which are difficult to reach and clean, hence it is not serviced adequately.  (Mmsoka, Colman T.  & Rajabu, Nakivona.  The Informal Systems of Solid Waste Removal in Dar es Salaam: An Enquiry.  https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdri-africancities.org%2Fuploads%2FN%2520raj.doc, retrieved 21 April, 2011.  5.)” Waste removal and politics are intertwined.  In Dar-es-Salaam, the City Council governs the waste removal policies.  The failure of the council to institute successful waste removal contributed to the abolition of the old Dar-es-Salaam City Council.  “Before it’s abolition the problem of solid waste removal because a political question.  The removal efforts were increased by the Regional Commissioner, Ministers and the President of the United Republic of Tanzania apart from the city council.  (Mmsoka, Colman T.  & Rajabu, Nakivona.  The Informal Systems of Solid Waste Removal in Dar es Salaam: An Enquiry.  https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdri-africancities.org%2Fuploads%2FN%2520raj.doc, retrieved 21 April, 2011.  6.)”  A study conducted indicated that the main factor to the crisis of solid waste management  was that the council had unclear strategies of removing the solid waste.  During this period, city council trucks were not able to collect solid waste, streets and lanes were interrupted with heaps of garbage, and it was common for people to dispose of waste in the middle of the street.  .  (Mmsoka, Colman T.  & Rajabu, Nakivona.  The Informal Systems of Solid Waste Removal in Dar es Salaam: An Enquiry.  https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdri-africancities.org%2Fuploads%2FN%2520raj.doc, retrieved 21 April, 2011.  6.)”  The continued rapid pace at which the city is growing, informal settlements and the inability of the local government authorities to provide substantial solid waste removal has pushed the city authorities to allow development of alternative approaches of removing solid waste.  “These alternatives include the use of private companies, community based organizations, associations and individuals who collect waste for a fee. .  (Mmsoka, Colman T.  & Rajabu, Nakivona.  The Informal Systems of Solid Waste Removal in Dar es Salaam: An Enquiry.  https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gdri-africancities.org%2Fuploads%2FN%2520raj.doc, retrieved 21 April, 2011.  7.)” Training courses for the Sustainable Community Management of Urban Water and Sanitation Schemes has been created by the DAWASA and the WSP (Water and Sanitation Program-Africa) in January of 2009.  “The training covers technical issues such as operations and maintenance activities.  It also focuses on institutional, managerial and financial issues.  There are seven modules in total which are high-impact tools to eliminate or reduce the major constraints in the managing the infrastructure and providing services as well as clarify the roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders.  (Sustainable Community Management of Urban Water and Sanitation Schemes (A Training Manual).  Castro, Vivian; Makoye, Charles; and Msuya, Neli.  https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsp.org%2Fwsp%2Fsites%2Fwsp.org%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fafrica_training_manual.pdf, Retrieved 21 April 2011.  7.)” In the Daily News Online , the city of Hamburg, Germany has pledged to provide Dar-es-Salaam with technical assistance in liquid and solid waste management.  “The support is in line with a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) signed by the two cities in 2009 and the ‘town twining’ pact signed in July of 2010.  The Hamburg Wasser Director of Planning and Technology said that there would be cooperation with the Ministry of Water and Irrigation, the Dar-es-Salaam Water and Sewerage Authority (DAWASA), and the Dar-es-Salaam Water and Sewerage Company (DAWASCO).  The Germans would introduce new technology on maintenance of dump waste. (Rugonzibwa, Pius.  German City to Assist Dar es Salaam in Waste Management.  Daily News Online Edition.  (22 September 2010)  Electronic Version.)”   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Determination of Excreta disposal in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania and Measures of Dislodging

E xcreta disposal in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania and measures of dislodging Dar-es-Salaam is the largest city in Tanzania. As with an...