Research Articles Base: How To Reference Your Essay

How to Reference your Essay

Essay requirements   References and Notes:   a.         References within the text to other sources should contain the name of the author, the year of publication and the relevant page number(s):   As was observed by Smith (1966:29), …. It has been pointed out (Jones 1982:326-8) that …   Where reference is made to more than one article or book published by an author in the one year, each article or book should be given a letter designation attached to the date:       Brown (1991a:52) argues that …   b.        Footnotes should be kept to a minimum, and avoided if possible.   c.         References (to be quoted as shown above) should be grouped together at the end of the article under the heading REFERENCES, and arranged in alphabetical order of the author’s names. Entries should conform to samples below:   Akmajian, A., Demers, R.A. and Harnish, R.M. 1984. Linguistics : an Introduction to language and communication. 2nd edition. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.   Chomsky, N. 1966a. Topics in the theory of generative grammar. (Janua Linguarum, Series Minor, 56.) The Hague: Mouton.   Chomsky, N. 1966b. Cartesian linguistics. New York: Harper & Row.   Katz, J.J. 1980. Chomsky on meaning. Language 56. 1-41.   Citations of electronic sources should appear in the following format:   Author’s last name, First name. ‘Title of work’ Title of complete work. [protocol and address] [path] (date of message or visit) For example:                           Carranza, L. E. (1994) ‘Le Corbusier and the problems of representation’                         Journal of Architectural Education [online], 48(2).     d.        Tables, figures and diagrams should be numbered consecutively. Each should have a title which indicates the nature of the data being presented.   e.         Words or phrases used as examples should be either underlined or in italics, and meanings and labels given in quotation marks:   The French word feu (‘fire’) contains a rounded vowel. The determiners this and that are often referred to as ‘demonstratives’.   f.          Short quotations should be in double quotation marks:   Brown claims that the main difficulties derive from an “inability to process the spoken word” (Brown 1979:17).   g.         Longer quotations should be indented, typed single space and separated from the surrounding text by a line above and below:   Of particular interest is Brown’s (1979:17) claim that:   It is apparent from the extensive studies of such students that the main difficulties encountered concern their ability to process the spoken word during the course of their studies, in particular their hearing problem.     Presentation:   A4-size paper is preferred.   Type or write on one side of the paper only.   Number pages clearly. There must be a margin of at least 5cm on the left head side of the page (to allow for marker’s comments).   If your essay is hand-written, it should be neat and legible.   Before submitting your essay, proofread it carefully for errors and correct them.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

How to Reference your Essay

Essay requirements References and Notes: a. References within the text to other sources should contain the name of the auth...

Bibliography and Reference Guide

RMIT Artfind Bibliography and Reference Guide When writing essays or thesis you are required to acknowledge the sources of information that you have used. These sources must be described in sufficient detail for others to identify and consult them. Citation Styles We suggest the footnoting style .  This requires you to footnote your sources and add them to a Bibliography at the end of the text. Citing references within the text In the text of your essay or thesis you need to reference any phrases, facts or opinions which are derived from other sources which are not your own. Below are some examples: Footnoting style example: All indications are that a revival of abstract painting is underway[1] and has… [1] Swart-Blackthought, Geoffrey, The Return to the Real, HarperCollins, New York, 1997: 106. Note: The full publication details are then presented at the bottom of the page that the number (1.) appears. Also, a separate bibliography of footnote references is made and found at the end of the essay or thesis. Compiling Bibliographies or Lists of References A Bibliography is a list of references to books, journal articles or other materials that you have used to write and form your ideas for your essay or thesis. A bibliography can be found at the end of essays or theses or within books or at the end of journal articles. Bibliographies can be presented in one alphabetical sequence, or if the works are very diverse it may be subdivided. It is now common to separate the bibliography by the type of publication, e.g. book. journal. internet. etc. A list of references contains details ONLY of those works cited in the text.    Remember: compiling a bibliography or list of references should be an exercise in accuracy, legibility and consistency. Citing different types of publications Below are examples of how to cite different types of publications/ Note: Each example includes a list of components that you need to include when citing a particular type of publication. Books   The directory of business support services for creative people working in the cultural industry. Victoria: Business Creations Pty Ltd, 1998. Periodical articles ‘Cinderella dresses’, Connoisseur, 220(1990) : 92-95. Conference papers ‘The age of migrating ideas: early mediaeval art in Northern Britain and Ireland’. International Conference on Insular Art : proceedings of the second International Conference on Insular Art, Edinburgh, 3-6 January, 1991. Edinburgh, National Museums of Scotland, 1993 : 39-46. Thesis   Assemblage : a visual focus on the organisation of manufactured objects as artworks. (M.Fine Art thesis), Melbourne : Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, 1997. Reports   Australia Council, National Centre for Culture and Recreation Statistics. Artswork : a report on Australians working in the arts. Australia Council for the Arts, 1997.      Videorecordings  [videorecording], producer , written by  TAFE National Video Resource Centre, 1995. Slides Cow’s skull, red, white and blue. [slide], Oil : 39 7/8 x 35 7/8 in., 1931 Internet sources Information obtained from the Internet is covered by copyright law.  For this reason it is important to cite Internet references in your bibliography just as you would cite print references. Many style guide producers have extended the system used for print resources and applied this to electronic resources. The information provided in a citation should be sufficient to accurately identify the resource. A date of access is very useful as Internet resources change rapidly.  Note: The examples below have been adapted from Harvard style and an alternative style as shown in the printed sources above. Individual work/website  [updated 4 October, 1999]. ‘Artist’s Projects’, ARTSOURCE, [online]  (1999), [ 8 February, 2000] Electronic Journal or periodical article Alternative style example:  ‘Twisted tales of place’, Globe – ejournal [online] 10 (August) : 1999,  8 February 2000] Personal email  [sophia@minyos.its.rmit.edu.au] Citing Electronic Resources.  8 February 2000.       Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Bibliography and Reference Guide

RMIT Artfind Bibliography and Reference Guide When writing essays or thesis you are required to ...

Law essay instructions

Notes On How To Answer Problem Questions In Law   1.    Identify the relevant facts eg by highlighting, underlining etc But Do NOT Rewrite Them In The Answer – This Wastes Precious Exam Time And Words!   2.    Identify the legal issue eg is the scenario about offer and acceptance? Consideration? Intention to form legal relations? (Do write this in the answer).   3.    If possible try to avoid giving a legal definition and the relevant rules for the issue.  More marks can be obtained if you relate the definition and rules to the identified facts.   4.    State where you get your authority from when you give a definition or rule.  Since almost all authority for definitions and rules in Contract and torts law comes from legal cases which have been decided on by the courts, you must CITE THE CASES, eg the definition of an invitation to treat comes from the case Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists [1952] 2 QB 795.  In the exam you do not need to cite all the relevant details such as the Journal name, page number etc – simply refer to the Boots Cash Chemist case or the Smokeball case, etc. Citations In Law There are some conventions specifically relevant to legal writing. For example, law journals generally require referencing by way of footnotes, with specific rules regarding form. However, for this course referencing should be consistent with the Harvard System, with references cited in the body of the text. Citing Cases As indicated above, cases should be cited within the text in the form illustrated by the following examples: FCT v Clarke (1927) 40 CLR 246; Coles Myer Finance Ltd v FCT 93 ATC 4214. All case names are to be put in italics or underlined. Where a reference is made to, or a quotation is taken from, a particular page of a case (say, page 249 of the Clarke case) that page should be cited thus: FCT v Clarke (1927) 40 CLR 246 at 249. Quotations From Statutes If the entire section of a statute is to be quoted, it must be identified by section number and then the quotation indented in the usual way. Where only a phrase is being quoted, this should be included within the text of the paper together with the title of the statute and number of the section. After the short title of the Act which is written in italics or underlined, give the year of enactment followed by an abbreviation of the appropriate jurisdiction in brackets. For example: Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cth); Pay-roll Tax Act 1971 (SA).             Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Law essay instructions

Notes On How To Answer Problem Questions In Law 1. Identify the relevant facts eg by highlighting, underlining etc But Do NOT ...

Harvard Referencing

Harvard Referencing Harvard referencing uses the author and the date of the work in the main body of the text, and then has a reference list at the end of the essay which contains the references cited in alphabetical order by author. The reference list contains the full details of the book or journal cited. Because you only refer to a shortened form of works in the main essay (author, date) your essay doesn’t get filled with too much reference material. The use of the author/date shorthand does make it easy to locate works in the reference list. Other referencing systems use superscript numbers to refer to footnotes but these can become overcomplicated as the number of footnotes rises, and the chance of misnumbering occurs. An example from the main body of a text: Within the last ten years, teachers who have attended INSET courses have reported that the courses have helped to increase their competence and confidence in using IT (1993; 1990), yet despite the fact that the passing years have presented opportunities for more teachers to increase their skills in IT, weaknesses identified by  (1992) seem to be still evident ( 1998; 1997). This suggests that we need to look for explanations other than attendance at INSET courses for the reasons for the apparently poor state of teachers’ competence and confidence in IT. In this text the author is citing entire works by other researchers to support her argument. Notice the use of brackets and the author/s and dates of all works. Another example from the main body of a text: One resource provided in the secondary speech genre is the “posited author” (1981, p. 312). Here the quotation is a direct one so a page number has been added. Quotations of no more than two sentences can be incorporated into the main text and marked off with quotation marks, but if you quote a longer passage it must be placed in a separate paragraph and indented from the left and right margins of the main text. Reference lists All references used in the main body of assignment need including in the reference list. This is arranged in alphabetical order by author surname. Books, journals and other media are all included in the same list, do not start separate lists for books and journals, it will confuse your reader. Books Books are listed by author, date, title, place of publication, publisher:  (1988) Cognition in Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. The title of the book is either underlined or placed in italics, whichever style you use you should stick to it for all references. When the books has more than one author then list them in order they appear on the book, if it has more than 3 then the abbreviation et. al. (and others) can be used. If an author has published more than book or journal in a year then mark each one with an a,b,c etc. after the date. For example ( 1989a). Make sure the reference in the body of the text corresponds to the one in the reference list at the end of your work. Journals Journals are listed by author, date, title of article, title of journal, part number, page numbers (beginning of article – end of article  (1991) ‘Towards a pedagogy for information technology’, The Curriculum Journal, 2, 2 153-70. The title of the journal is underlined or italicised because someone searching for the article in a library will first need to find the journal. The page numbers help to locate the article quickly. Chapters in edited books When you need to quote from a chapter in an edited book you need to follow this form. In your main text you quote the author of the chapter (not the editor/s of the book) and the date of the book. In the reference list you quote the author and date of the chapter first, and follow it with a reference to the book. In the following example, the chapter by Schlegoff has been quoted, so ( 1972) or a variant would appear in the main text, followed by this in the reference section.  (1972) Notes on a conversational practice: Formulating place. In D.  Studies in Social Interaction (). New York: Free Press. Note the use of page numbers to identify the chapter – as in journal citation. Electronic Information The key to referencing a CD-ROM or website is similar to a book or journal – you need to know the author, date and title. For web pages you must include the full address of the page, not just the address of the site. This can be copied from the address bar which normally appears at the top of the browser. (1999) Online study skills guide,  16/9/99. An extra date, the date you accessed the page is included at the end of the reference, because webpages, unlike books, can be modified and even disappear entirely. To reference material on a CD-ROM use this format:  (1997) A Guide to Icelandic Literature, CD-ROM, London: Placebo Publishers. If you cannot find the date of a web page then mark it as “date unknown”. If you cannot find a named author of an electronic source then either use the organisation in place of the author (e.g. BBC) or mark it as “author unknown”. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Harvard Referencing

Harvard Referencing Harvard referencing uses the author and the date of the work in the main body of the text, and then has a ...

Refencing guide

Copyright © 2006 The Robert Gordon University   Conditions of Use   All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or storage in any information retrieval system, without prior written permission.   Please address all enquiries to: The Robert Gordon University Aberdeen Business School Garthdee Road Aberdeen AB10 7QE     The Robert Gordon University Website http://www.rgu.ac.uk   Aberdeen Business School Website http://www.rgu.ac.uk/abs     Introduction       The purpose of this guide is to provide you with information on how to incorporate references to your sources in coursework assignments at the Aberdeen Business School.   You should always refer to the sources of information used in your assignments.  References are essential when direct quotations are given in the text, and when the ideas, arguments, etc. of another author are rewritten in your own words.    In assessing your work, tutors will expect you to have applied the guidance in these notes.    In some cases, your grade may be reduced if you do not reference sources thoroughly, because you have not shown how much work you have done.   If you deliberately use other people’s words or ideas without their permission and/or proper acknowledgement, this constitutes plagiarism – which the University considers to be a form of cheating.    If there is any doubt whether an item needs a reference the best policy is to provide one.  This helps ensure against potential charges of academic misconduct.  Remember you are required to sign a declaration when you submit coursework that you have acknowledged all quotations and all sources of information.   It is recommended that you refer to this guide before you submit each new coursework assignment.     Why is referencing necessary?     References are required for: ·                     quotations from the work of other writers; ·                     summaries or paraphrases of the work of other writers; ·                     ideas or material based on the work of other writers.   Coursework assignments are designed to test your understanding of a topic.  You show that you understand by your ability to use relevant information.  The main skills being assessed are your ability to: ·                     select relevant information; ·                     collate the information, and organise a structure in which to present it logically; ·                     analyse the information, and construct arguments around it that leads to a sensible conclusion.   The purpose of using a variety of books, journals, and other information sources is to: ·                     show some evidence of your efforts; ·                     provide relevant material; ·                     build on other people’s arguments; ·                     help construct an argument of your own; ·                     ensure a balanced approach.   You are expected to support your statements by using information selected from the sources that you have read.  This adds credibility to your report, because the source can be checked and followed up.  It is not enough just to list the sources that you have consulted in your list of references and the bibliography.  Your own effort must be identifiable, and the boundaries between your own words or ideas and someone else’s must be clearly defined.    All quotations of the original words that you have found in the sources that you have consulted must be put in “quotation marks”, and followed by an appropriate reference.  If quotations are short (less than 3 lines), incorporate them “in the text of your coursework and use quotation marks”.  If quotations are long (3 lines or more), the accepted practice is to use single spacing, to indent both margins, and to use quotation marks.  For example:   The argument for and against euthanasia provide endless debate and present irreconcilable differences of opinion.  As Morgan states,   “(e)uthanasia is an endless debate; likewise physician assisted suicide.  Proponents are frequently portrayed as playing fast and loose with the sanctity of human life.  Opponents are painted as fanatical do-gooders intent on imposing their enduring spiritual views on increasingly secular Western societies.  Both caricatures have elements of farce and fairness in them, in an old debate where, too frequently, fiction takes the place of fact, where fable does the work of narrative and where demons and panics abound”.[1]   It is quite common to have an extract that you wish to quote in full which does not quite fit the grammatical structure of your sentence.  Here, the quoted section starts, in the original version, with a capital E, but in order to fit the sentence structure, it is made to run on from the author’s own opening clause.  In these cases, accepted practice is to alter the structure of the quoted extract as necessary, and to use brackets to identify the parts which have been altered.  Hence “(e)uthanasia” in place of “Euthanasia”.    If a part of the original quoted extract is irrelevant, it can be omitted.  It should be shown thus.  The omitted part of the text has been replaced with “ … “.   “(e)uthanasia is an endless debate; likewise physician assisted suicide.  Proponents are frequently portrayed as playing fast and loose with the sanctity of human life.  Opponents are painted as fanatical do-gooders … .  Both caricatures have elements of farce and fairness in them, in an old debate where, too frequently, fiction takes the place of fact, where fable does the work of narrative and where demons and panics abound”. (Morgan 2001 p. 203).   (Note that in the earlier example, the Vancouver numeric referencing system was used.  In this second example, the Harvard system has been used. Systems for referencing will be described shortly)   Paraphrases (i.e. when you re-write and/or summarise someone’s ideas in your own words) should be preceded by or include “X argues that … ” or a similar phrase, and also followed by the appropriate reference.    Indirect sources ‑ when you have not read the book yourself ‑ must be identified as such; this is called “secondary referencing”.  You can preface a reference of this type by a phrase such as, “X supports Y’s view that … “.  (References should not be made to something you have not actually read; the reference in your work should always be to the item you have actually read, rather than the item to which the author refers.)     Referencing your sources     Academic work may use one of a variety of citation systems to record references in a systematic format. You are strongly urged to ensure that you adhere consistently and accurately to either the Harvard system or the Vancouver numeric system of referencing; do not combine both methods in any single piece of work.  The Harvard system should be used for all coursework in the Aberdeen Business School unless otherwise advised (e.g. generally for work to be submitted to the Department of Law, and for some kinds of work submitted to the Department of Information Management).  Full details of both the Harvard and Vancouver systems can be found in the Library guides on the web at http://www.rgu.ac.uk/library/howto/page.cfm?pge=25531; the guides give examples of the layout of the citations; the layout differs between Harvard and Vancouver so you are strongly advised to check the guides before starting. Some key points about both systems are given below.         Harvard System       This is the system that has been used throughout this guide, except the example given on page 7.  In the Harvard system, correctly citing references requires 1.   Citing the author’s name and year of publication within the text, 2.   A references list containing the full details of the publications or quotes you have referred to within your work; this is placed at the end of the work. and ordered alphabetically by author surname – see the references and bibliographies included in this guide for examples. If an author has produced more than one item, then these entries are listed in order of year of publication. 3.   You may wish to add a separate bibliography of material you have consulted, but not directly referred to within your work.   Within the text, the author’s surname and year of publication are quoted in brackets. However, if the author’s name appears naturally in the text only the date need be included in brackets.  Where only a part of a document is required, the page numbers should follow the date and be included in brackets.  If you want to emphasise the point you are making by using a short direct quote from a textbook or article, remember also to state the page number.  For example,   “Use italics and/or bold type to emphasise that it is a direct quote and inverted commas at either end of the quote” (Burnett 1997 p. 1).       Vancouver numeric system       In the Vancouver numeric system, there are three elements to correctly citing a reference; 1.   references are cited within the text as numbers in brackets or superscript e.g. (4) or Cameron4, in the order that they occur.  Numbers may refer to bibliographic citations or to comments, or to both.  2.   endnotes which give complete details of the material referred to, including page numbers, chapter numbers etc. These usually appear as footnotes at the bottom of each page, or may be added at the end of the chapter. 3.   a bibliography which contains lists all the items you have cited and/or used (so may include references you have used but not cited within the text) and appears at the end of the work. The references are listed in alphabetical order by author. However, the Vancouver style bibliography cites the book or articles as a whole, not particular bits within it.   Your word-processing system may enable you to include the reference numbers and to place the citation details as a footnote at the bottom of the appropriate page, using ‘References’ in the ‘Insert’ menu in the tool bar.  If you move a block of text including a reference number, it will automatically move the citation for you and reorganise the numbering.    Multiple citations of one document should receive separate numbers.  If you use the same source later within your coursework, a different reference number is used and you will need to repeat the citation in full, or use the author’s surname and ibid (where the footnote refers to a different page of the last mentioned work) or the author’s surname idem (where the footnote refers to both the same source and the same page as the previous footnote).   N.B.   – In a footnote reference, which is normal in legal writings, the initial comes before the surname, whereas in a list of references and the bibliography, the surname comes first).           – If the work has multiple authors, they should be listed in full in the bibliographical entry. Et al. is only appropriate in footnotes.       Incorporating references into a paragraph   A paragraph is a section of an argument.  A good paragraph should have ·                     an explanation of the points it is making; ·                     evidence on different sides of an argument; ·                     a reasoned conclusion.   Here are some examples, written to answer the question: What effect has Thatcherism had on the welfare state?   1.  A good paragraph     The ‘welfare state’ can be understood in two main senses: as an ideal, providing welfare as of right to everyone  at the best level possible (Briggs 1961 pp 228-230), and as a group of social welfare services developed in different countries (Flora, Heidenheimer 1982).  Thatcherism combined the liberalism of the new right (King 1987) with some aspects of traditional conservatism (Barry 1987); it argued for a reduction in the commitment to state welfare (Webb, Wistow 1982), coupled with punitive measures towards the poor (Golding 1986).  If the welfare state is seen as an ideal, then Thatcherism was opposed to it (Loney 1986); the Thatcher governments were criticised for the development of unequal provision (Field 1989), privatisation (Johnson 1990) and the ‘residualisation’ of welfare (especially in housing: Forrest, Murie 1988).  If, however, the welfare state is seen as a range of services, the practical impact seems more limited: welfare expenditure was largely maintained and even (in health and social security) increased (Hills 1990). The greatest impact seems to have come not from the reduction of state welfare, but from the reform of public sector administration (Wilding 1992) and management intended to imitate the workings of the private market (Le Grand, Bartlett 1993).  If so, the effect is not what Thatcherism seemed to promise at the outset.     This is a good paragraph because   ·                     There is lots of evidence of work; ·                     everything in it has a place; ·                     the terms are defined; ·                     arguments on different aspects are considered (the welfare state as ideal, or the welfare state as a range of services); ·                     where material is not covered fully, a reference is given to back up the generalisation; ·                     all statements of fact are supported by evidence; ·                     the paragraph comes to a reasoned conclusion.     2.  The same paragraph without references     The ‘welfare state’ can be understood in two main senses: as an ideal, providing welfare as of right to everyone  at the best level possible, and as a group of social welfare services developed in different countries.  Thatcherism combined the liberalism of the new right with some aspects of traditional conservatism; it argued for a reduction in the commitment to state welfare, coupled with punitive measures towards the poor.  If the welfare state is seen as an ideal, then Thatcherism was opposed to it; the Thatcher governments were criticised for the development of unequal provision, privatisation and the ‘residualisation’ of welfare (especially in housing).  If, however, the welfare state is seen as a range of services, the practical impact seems more limited: welfare expenditure was largely maintained and even (in health and social security) increased.  The greatest impact seems to have come not from the reduction of state welfare, but from the reform of public sector administration and management intended to imitate the workings of the private market.  If so, the effect is not what Thatcherism seemed to promise at the outset.     The words are the same, but this paragraph is not nearly as good.  It still has ·                     explanations of most terms; ·                     arguments on both sides; ·                     a conclusion.   However, it now lacks   ·                     evidence of work – clearly, some has been done but it is difficult to tell how much; ·                     material to back up the statements which are made;   The paragraph has assertions without evidence – which cannot be rewarded even if the marker happens to agree.     A similar argument in less detail     Thatcherism combined the liberalism of the new right with some aspects of traditional conservatism (Barry 1987); it argued for a reduction in the commitment to state welfare coupled with punitive measures towards the poor.  Thatcherism was opposed to the welfare state; examples were unequal provision, privatisation and the residualisation of welfare (Johnson 1990).  However, welfare expenditure was largely maintained and even (in health and social security) increased (Hills 1990), which suggests the government failed.    This is now missing any explanation of what we mean by a ‘welfare state’, and the conclusion is not really adequately supported by the argument, but it is not bad, because it does put two different opposing views with evidence. It shows, then, selection, ordering and some evaluation of material, and on that basis it would get a better mark than paragraph 2.     Conclusion   This guide has provided you with information on how to incorporate references to your sources in coursework assignments at the Aberdeen Business School.   You should always identify the sources of information used in your work.  References are essential when direct quotations are given in the text, and when the ideas, arguments, etc. of another author are rewritten in your own words.    In some cases, your grade may be reduced if you do not reference sources thoroughly, because you have not shown how much work you have done. If you deliberately use other people’s words or ideas without their permission and/or proper acknowledgement, this constitutes plagiarism – which the University considers to be a form of cheating.     Further reading     CAMERON, S., 2005. The Business Student’s Handbook – Learning Skills for Study and Employment. 3rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.   The Robert Gordon University Library, 2006, How to cite references using the Harvard Style. [online], Aberdeen: RGU, available from http://www.rgu.ac.uk/files/ACF1580.pdf  [Accessed on 19th June 2006]   The Robert Gordon University Library, 2006, How to cite references using the Vancouver Style. [online], Aberdeen: RGU, available from http://www.rgu.ac.uk/files/Vancouver.pdf  [Accessed on 19th June 2006]       [1] D. Morgan, Issues in Medical Law and Ethics, London, Cavendish, 2001, p203. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Refencing guide