The armed forces and military of a country determine how powerful the nation is. The history of the world has told us that the nations that become superpowers in the world have a strong military. Napoleon Bonaparte was able to conquer the vast continent of Europe because of the strong military, a number of European countries were able to colonise many countries across the world due to a powerful military. Today, the United States of America is the only remaining superpower in the world and the nation exhibits a dynamic armed forces.
Prior to the United States of America, United Kingdom has the biggest and strongest military in the world. According to Herman (2004) the British Royal Navy is the long-standing armed services of the British Armed Forces and was the biggest and most important navy in the world during 18th to 20th century, the royal navy was one of the essential elements in setting-up the British Empire. [1]
Currently the British Royal Navy is the second largest navy in the world, next only to the United States. According to the Royal Navy (2006) it has sixteen nuclear powered submarines, a surface fleet that links three aircraft carriers and a squadron that can be able to operate in land and in water that was newly reinforced with a helicopter carrier. [2]
This main objective of this paper is to investigate how the components in the British Royal Navy have provided military capability at the operational level in order to understand how the components might be joint delivered in the future.
The United Kingdom is one of the richest nations in the continent of Europe as well as in the whole world. According to Lazarowics (2003) the United Kingdom, particularly its capital London is one of the largest financial centres in the world with the biggest insurance markets such as the London Stock exchange and the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange established in London.[3] United Kingdom is a rich country; therefore the primary interest of the nation is in its economics. However, after the London bombings in July 21, 2005 and the recent bomb scare in the London Heathrow airport the government have put emphasis in the national security and the fight against terrorism as one of its national interest. The relationship of the United Kingdom to the international community is also essential to the national interest of the country.
The primary role of the Royal Navy (RN) is to guard the special interests of the United Kingdom whether locally or internationally, the RN executes the defence policies of the British Monarchy and Government through the utilisation of the military and diplomatic activities in order to support the objectives of the government and the monarchy [4](Wikipedia, 2007).
The national interests of the United Kingdom have a huge impact on the defence policy and the future of the British military force. One of the recent issues with regards to the military and the national interest of Britain is the issue regarding the corruption of the arms deals of the United Kingdom with Saudi Arabia. According to Tempest (2007) British Prime Minister Tony Blair has insisted that the allegations of corruption in the arms deals of the UK with Saudi Arabia will have a negative effect on the relationship of Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom.[5]
As mentioned earlier the main task of the royal navy is to protect the interests and objectives of Britain, in the case of the examination on the arms deals of UK with Saudi, the impact on the defence policy is huge, Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom has a close relationship, especially in fighting terrorism in the world, as well as, security. The issue will hamper the relationship of Saudi and UK and will affect the capabilities of the RN to intervene in peace process in the Middle East. In addition, Tempest stated that because Saudi is closely cooperating with Britain in the fight against terrorism, the issue would create a huge damage in the national security of the United Kingdom. Therefore, the national defence policies of the United Kingdom will be affected, especially in the areas of intelligence.
Aside from the national interests, the objectives of the Royal Navy have a huge impact on the defence policies and the future of the military forces. In order to effectively deliver the objectives of the Royal Navy, the following are the capabilities of RN according to Wikipedia:
- Sustenance of the UK Nuclear Deterrent via the policy of Continuous at Sea Deterrence
- Transfer of the UK Commando Force
- Addition of assets to the Joint Force Harrier
- Addition of assets to the Joint Helicopter Command
- Sustenance of the Atlantic Patrol Task in the North and South, the Persian Gulf Patrols and other patrol commitments in various parts of the world
- The transfer of the Mine Counter Measures ability to the United Kingdom and affiliated commitments
- Stipulation of Hydrographic and meteorological abilities that can be distributed worldwide
- Protection of the United Kingdom and the European Union Fisheries
The special interests, capabilities and objectives of the United Kingdom have a huge influence in the development in the policies of defence in Britain, take the case of the 9/11 bombings, July 21, 2005 UK bombings and the terrorist scare last 2006 in major airports of the United Kingdom, due to these events the interest of the government in the national security has increased, thus the policies regarding defence and military intelligence have changed. Due to the drastic transformation of the UK defence policies the country was able to prevent a massive terrorist attack in 2006.
The liberation of Iraq is also one of the international interests of Britain; the UK participated when the United States declared war against the regime of Saddam Hussein in Iraq. The special relationship of Britain with the United States is one of the factors why UK participated in the war in Iraq; the interest of UK in partaking in the issues internationally will have an impact on the future of the military forces of the country because Britain will play a huge role in keeping the peace in various parts of the world. As the second largest navy in the world, the armed forces of the United Kingdom will become more visible in the near future and will participate in the affairs of the world.
According to Kaldor[6] (1995) the foreign policy of the United Kingdom is generally described as three overlapping terms, first is the role of Britain as post-imperial power with many post-colonial accountabilities to its previous colonies and close associations to Commonwealth countries, second is the special relationship of the United Kingdom and the United States of America in which the UK deems as a minor super power and made a distinction of itself from other countries in Europe and lastly, the role Britain plays as a European Country and as a member of the European community.
The defence policies of the United Kingdom has evolved over the past years, Kaldor discussed that during the 1960s and 1970s, the defence and foreign policy of the UK changed, and focused more on its role as a European country. The changes that occurred according to Kaldor are the empire was substituted by the Commonwealth; the post-colonial accountabilities were removed and phased out, in 1966 Britain retracted from the Suez Canal, in 1973 it joined the European Community and it dissociated itself from the United States. According to Kaldor, when Margaret Thatcher became the prime minister of the United Kingdom in the 1980s, the emphasis was shifted; Mrs. Thatcher accepted the cold war and the expenditures in defence increased, moreover, the British government supported the distribution of cruise missiles and bought American Trident missiles for Britain. Through this the United Kingdom was able to gain back the idea of the country’s position as one of the great powers in the world. The United States of America and Britain focused on threats by third world countries in which there are an increase of weapons of mass destruction, as well as, the rise of terrorists and drug traffickers around the world.
After the cold war ended the British Armed Forces restructured its military, in 1990 the then Secretary of Defence, Tom King have announced that the British government is evaluating Options for Change. The main objective of the Options of Change is to reduce the expenditures in defence, because the military units deployed in various parts of Europe was no longer relevant after the Soviet Union and the Warsaw pact collapsed. The changes include reducing the manpower for about 18 per cent; a number of the British Army regiments were incorporated, in the Royal Air Force, the bases in Germany was cut in half, the F-4 Phantom II squadrons were retracted from service and the Brimstome missile was abolished and in the Royal Navy the warships was decreased in number[7] (Wikipedia, 2007).
In 2003, the British Government released its Defence White Paper entitled the Delivering Security in a changing world, the paper begin an earnest attempt on the future of the British Armed Forces. According to the Ministry of Defence (2007) the White paper outlines the position of the British Armed Forces which are:
· The capability of the British Military to support three continuous small to medium operations in which at least one of those is a peace-keeping mission.
· The capability of the British Military to redistribute forces in a bigger scale.
In addition, the Ministry of Defence announced the reforms in the Armed forces of Britain in 2004. The changes in the British Army include, the human labour will be decreased, the battalions will be cut into four and will be deploy elsewhere, the High Velocity Missile of the Army will be cut in half, the Challenger 2 regiment and the AS-90 batteries regiments will be re-role, seven squadrons of the Challenger 2 and six AS-90 sell-propelled gun will be retracted, the infantry battalion will be integrated to form a large one, the British army will gear three artillery regiments with the new system called the lightweight mobile artillery weapon system, and the development of a squadron that will support the creation of the future armoured vehicles.
In the Royal Air force, the changes include a decrease in the manpower, the retraction of the SEPECAT Jaguar force in 2007, the maritime patrol aircraft fleet will also be decreased, the purchase of Nimrod MRA 4s will also be reduced, as well as, the Tornado F3 force, Puma helicopters that are based in Northern Ireland, and the Rapier missile launchers.
In the Royal Navy the changes include the reduction of the manpower, as well as, the purchase of new warships, the force in Type 23 frigates, the fleet of the nuclear attack submarine and the force of the mine countermeasure vessels, the patrol fleet in Northern Ireland and the warships will be paid off, the future carrier of the Royal Navy will be purchased and the oldest Type 42 warships will be withdrawn earlier.
The changes in the structure of the whole British army and the future developments will have a considerable effect on the security of the United Kingdom. The update on the facilities and equipments of the British Army, Royal Air force and Royal Navy will be more helpful in fighting threats of terrorism; the development of the next generation aircraft carrier by the Royal Navy will be advantageous for the United Kingdom because the offensive air power will be increased and it is capable to function the biggest scope of aircraft with the widest possible functions.
Although most of the changes and development in the operational unit of the armed forces of United Kingdom is the reduction of forces and manpower on various battalions and regiments, in the future it will be more beneficial in the society of Britain because the government is reducing the expenditures, and have focused in acquiring new technologies and intelligence. In addition, the areas in which a number of British Armies, Air Force and Navy were deployed are areas that do not need that much manpower. Redistribution of the manpower in regions and areas that need further security and peace-keeping is a good move by the government because it establishes Britain as a nation having one of the most powerful military.
Focusing on technology by the Military of Defence has also a positive impact on the security of the country. Today, war is no longer a threat in the society but with the rise of radicals and extremists and after the 911 and London bombings terrorism is now the threat in the society, not just in Britain but all over the world. Terrorists utilise sophisticated devices in order to threaten people, the development of liquid bombs is one of those, and in order to combat the possible threats using new technologies is important and beneficial in the security of the society.
The art of war has evolved over the past years; the practice of war has been subjected to transitions in the range and scope. Mass armies and nuclear weapons emerged. According to Hennessy and McKercher (1996) the term operational art was a result of the publication of the new field manual of the US army called the FM 100-5 operations in 1976 in which it unfold an intellectual revival in the military. Hennessey and McKercher defined operational art as the practice of generals and staff colonels in order to attain success in the operation; operational level on the other hand is the intermediate occurrence that exists between discreet tactics and wider strategy. [8]
The operational level and art of the military are responsible for the effects of the operations whether it is negative or positive. According to Cordray and Romanych (2005) during operational level the aim is usually pointed directly against the forces of the enemy. [9]Once the enemy are defeated, the operational effects do not stop but instead it continues. The concepts of operational art and level are helpful in identifying the capabilities that can be utilised to administer the operational effects. The elements of the operational art, according to DTIC (n.d.) which are very essential in the success of the military operations are:
Synergy- the operations are incorporated and occur at the same time, Simultaneity and depth- it is utilised in order to take over the whole structure through force simultaneously, Anticipation- it is an essential element to efficient planning in order to stay vigilant for the unforeseen and favourable circumstances, Balance- it is a right combination of capabilities and forces in the joint force of the military, Leverage- it is utilised to enforce the will of the military on the enemy, raise the crisis on the part of the enemy, and sustain the enterprise, Timing and tempo- it aids the military forces in controlling the action, remaining difficult to foretell, and functioning beyond the capability of the enemy to respond, with the aim to explore capabilities and restrain the enemy, Operational reach and approach- it talks about the scope in which the operational joint forces can rationally function in the widest sense, Forces and Function- the functions and forces of the enemy are usually aimed operational joint forces in order to develop a contingence area between the enemy and friendly forces, Arranging operations- it is usually composed of a mixture of concurrent and sequential functions to attain the favourable end state status speedily, Centres of gravity- these are the abilities, characteristics, and position of the forces in which it obtains its physical strength, desire to fight and the independence of action, Direct versus indirect- it is the attack of the joint force command on the centre of gravity of the enemy directly or indirectly, Decisive points- it aids the military force to obtain an advantage over the enemy and it may have a huge impact on the result of the action, Culmination- it can be either applied as an offence or defence. In the offence, it occurs when the combat power of the enemy does not outmatch the defender, the military attains culmination when the enemy does not have the capability to defend successfully, and lastly Termination- it is an important part of operational art and strategy wherein the forces know when to the stop the operations and how to secure the attained advantages[10].
These concepts of operational art, as well as, the operational level will aid military forces in providing the positive operational effects. Once the military integrated the concepts of operational art and level, as well as, understanding profoundly the elements of the operational art the outcomes will be successful.
The British Royal Navy has given huge amount of contributions in the maritime power. From the early 1500s until now the British Royal Navy still exists, one of the contributions of the Royal Navy is when it used steam power in 1821 for Comet and 1824 for Lightning in the expedition to Algiers (Hill, 1995). According to Harding (2004) the innovation of the British Royal Navy is one of its contributions, moreover, the development of operational research as a discipline after World War II and the instruments of management science wherein a favourable prosecution of the war, and by the early 1960s, cost benefit analysis had been utilised to various aspects of the naval power and operational research had transformed into more ambitious Systems Analysis.[11] The constant innovation of the British Royal Navy has made a huge impact on the maritime power of the world. Although it is only second to the United States in terms of size, the technology that it utilises is at par with that of the US. Currently, the British Royal Navy is developing the largest fleet carrier in the world, thus establishing itself as the premier navy in the world.
Commanding a team especially in the battlefield is difficult may it be water, land or air. Having a good and effective leadership is the key in the success of the operations. According to Campanale[12] (2001) the determinants of an effective leader are he must possess the seven principles, and these are:
Discipline- it is a significant factor in leadership, a disciplined leader performs his usual duties extremely well. If the leader does very good in basic functions, he will definitely perform his responsibility in the battlefield extremely.
Compassion- it counterbalances the disciplinarian in the leader which means that after the leader have disciplined its subordinates he will still help that individual.
Courage- in the military bravery is different from courage. Courage is the boldness in doing the right things, and accepting the accountability of taking care of your subordinates, especially in the battlefield. Leaders must be brave enough to assume responsibility and the risks involve in it.
Perspective- a perspective leader looks back at the past and analysing the mistakes and right decisions, and looking in the future and assessing what will happen.
Desire to Volunteer- Leaders volunteer not because they will receive a reward or recognition afterwards, but because it is the appropriate thing to do. Even though a leader has ma many tasks and responsibilities, volunteering even a little will be welcomed by your subordinates.
Honesty- being honest with yourself is a trait any leader must possess, honesty in oneself is a difficult trait to achieve, but if a person not just a military leader is honest, it will become a discipline in all the things that you will do.
Humility- Great leaders are modest with their accomplishments, they take their responsibilities seriously, but they still have a sense of humour. A humble leader does not forget where he came from and they never demand others to do the things he would not undergo.
The determinants of a good commander cannot be solely relied on technology or knowledge in order to achieved success in the operations. The combination of technology, knowledge and the right attitudes and characterises ensures a successful operation.
According to Hopkinson (2000) the Defence and Foreign Policy of the United Kingdom has been plagued by shortage of resources ever since 1945.[13] According to RPS[14] (2004) as long as the United Kingdom remains as one of economic superpowers in the world, a member of the European Union, it is bound on the agreement with the NATO Alliance and sits in the UN Security Council, there is a huge possibility that the government of the United Kingdom will continue to utilised its armed forces as an intermediary for Foreign policy and in the affairs of the world. Moreover, according to RPS, the current trends in the defence planning and procurement in Britain is establishing a clear arrangement. The Defence white paper that was released in 2003 have pointed the essential aspects in the shape and size of the British Armed Forces which are the need of the British Armed Forces equipped for disposal on military services abroad, the largest operation envisioned is a conflict in the European Union, the British Armed forces must be able to perform a full scale operations from fighting in wars until peace support missions, Britain must maintain its active participation in Europe, Africa, the Gulf and South Asia, as the threat of terrorism becomes widespread the British armed forces is required to participate in the prevention of conflict, peace support and operations to counter the terrorists, multiple and simultaneous small and medium range operations will remain the most relevant factor in force planning, and Britain must retain a wide spectrum of land, air, logistics and maritime to transport the restricted national operations.
The assumptions of RPS in the current trends of foreign policy of the United Kingdom are the following:
· The British Armed Forces will require carrying the full scale of operations from fighting in wars to the peace-keeping operations.
· The British Armed Forces will carry on the necessity to train for fighting in wars.
· The British Armed Forces must be ready at all times to affix the peace-keeping operations, and also intervention at short notice.
· In the future the British Armed Forces will be skilled enough to have large scale operations that need a capacity for surge training.
· The size and pattern of the British Armed Forces will most likely be retained in the future, and the trend will be towards expeditionary operations.
· There will be an ongoing necessity for changes in the armour.
The future trends of the United Kingdom with regards to its defence policy have an impact on the development of the component capability at the operational level. Training in peace-keeping and war is one of the major focuses in the current trend, therefore during the operational level the army can be able to link the tactics and strategies in order to succeed in the strategic objectives, they can also arrange the events in order to attain the goals of the operations, and administering the resource in order to maintain the events at the operational level. The British Armed Forces will be more visible in the coming years, especially with regards to issues and affairs in the different parts of the world. Although the number of manpower will still remain, the capabilities of the British Army, Air force and Navy will be more developed in terms of fighting and peace-keeping. The operations of the British Armed Force will gear towards military services abroad, thus the training of the manpower will be more extensive to be able to perform their duties. The advancement of the technology in the Armed forces will be beneficial especially during operational levels because technology makes it easier for the soldiers to communicate and strategise. Overall, these new trends will be advantageous to the components, especially during the level of operations because it emphasises on training in war and peace-keeping. As one of the members of G8 and having one of the biggest army in the world, Britain’s armed forces play a crucial role in the issues and affairs in this world. In the future, UK’s military will be more active in participating in the events in the world.
According to Cardarelli (2002) during military operations, especially overseas, the fundamental responsibility of the military leaders is to ensure the health of the environment even if the operation is over.[15] The essential elements for component environmental strategies are:
- Cultivate a sustainable ethic- cultivating a set of principle with the right conduct within the Army in which it leads beyond the agreement to the environmental laws to the sustainability of the human and natural environments. It is important especially after the operation is over, almost all the environment are destroyed therefore having an ethical accountability is significant to help the affected people and the environment.
- Strengthen the Operations of the Armed Forces- encouraged the operational ability of the armed forces through decreasing the amount environmental resources, capabilities and spares at a deployed location by more sustainable practices. The remnants of war is numerous and most of those are toxic materials that pose a threat to the health and the environment of the people, reducing the military footprints will lead to a more sustainable progress of the society inflicted by the operations.
- Satisfy the requirements necessary for the test, training, and mission of the armed forces- In the armed forces, individuals that undergo training and testing in order to meet the mission requirements must do it in a more sustainable practice in order to maintain the resources in land, water and air.
- Reduce the cost of the impacts and total ownership- downplaying the total cost of the materials, systems, operations and facilities through incorporating the practice and principles of environment sustainability. It is both significant in the army because the expenditures will be reduced at the same time, it sustains the affected environment.
- Improve Welfare- improving the lives of the soldiers, whether they are in the operation or not, the civilians, and the communities through teaching sustainability in the environment. The people in the community are the future soldiers of the country, therefore teaching them the importance of sustainable practices in the environment will help them in the future.
- Push Innovation- as numerous issues arise in the world today, the challenges in the army become more difficult. Technology makes it easier to address these issues, especially in the environment.
Joint Doctrine, according to Joint Electronic Library (2006) is the basic principles that guide and aid the military forces in an integrated action towards a general objective; it involves techniques, procedures and tactics.[16] According to the Joint Electronic Library, the process of joint doctrine provides assurance that the Services, combatant commands and the Joint staff participated. The process of the Joint doctrine is the following:
Step 1: Project Proposal- the proposal is submitted by the combatant command, the joint staff or the services to fill the existing empty operations. Then the J-7 declares the requirements legal with the combatant command and the services. Afterwards the J-7 begins the directives of the program.
Step 2: Program Directive- the group of assistants in J-7 are from the services and the Commander in Chief. The program directive includes the references, project, milestones and the individuals who will create the draft. The J-7 then releases the program directives to the commander in chief, services or the joint staff.
Step 3: Two Drafts- the lead agents choose the primary review authority to create the publication. Then the primary review authority creates two planned publication. Finally, the staffs of the primary review authority draft with the commander in chief, joint staff and the services.
Step 4: CJCS Approval- the lead agent sends the proposed publication to the joint staff and then the joint staffs assumes responsibility for the publication makes changes and readies the publication for coordination with the Commander in chief and the services; finally the joint staff manages the staffing for the approval for the joint publication.
Step 5: Assessments and Revision- the commander in chief evaluates the publication and after 18 to 24 months the director of the J-7 will seek a written report from the services and the combatant commands regarding the quality of the publication and the changes and revisions it must undergo, and the publication is revised not more than five years after it was created.
The joint doctrine lists the procedures and tactics that the military must do during and after the operations, the joint doctrine can be utilised during training of the armed forces in order for them to be prepared in the challenges of the operations especially overseas.
The maritime has huge contributions to the component capability to the joint level of effectiveness. According to Boyce [17](1999) the typical characteristics of the maritime such as tactical, logistic self-sufficiency, flexibility in the operations and reach are still important in this new era, maritime plays a significant role in the strategy which involves military services abroad. The components cannot function properly without the maritime, due to the fact that the maritime forces provide self-sufficiency and reach, the maritime can operate in any part of this world without depending on any country for support, aside from that the maritime cab deploy, redeploy and withdraw operations. Moreover, according to Boyce, they can provide transport, stores and a wide array of facilities, a setting base, and airfields without violating sovereignty and total invulnerability. Lastly, Boyce stated that the maritime forces can deliver the fastest means of positioning the forces in logistical, tactical and self-sustaining manner over long distance, delivering priceless capacity for early visibility, thus it has the ability to stop the emerging crises. The maritime also has the capacity to move to a higher and lower scale of the operational intensity that can still be able to permit the government to convey clear messages. Without the maritime, the operational joint level will render inefficient because the armed forces become independent because of them. They can provide bases for the aircraft of the air force and the ships can carry the resources of the military based on land.
Changes in the British Armed Forces might affect the joint operational level in the future; however the impact of the transformation will be minimal. Instead of the negative effects, there will be more positive effects because all of the operations will be joint, therefore the functions of the armed forces will be more efficient because the units will no longer be independent, furthermore it is easier for the armed forces to function and navigate in a foreign country in which they are deployed. The operations of the British Armed forces will be expeditionary in nature, thus the ability of the components in the military is significant, the changes will focus on training of the individuals therefore the components are capable of delivering the required tasks. The British Armed Forces will collaborate with allies, thus the knowledge of the military, air force and navy will be more extensive due to this coordination, and they will be more competent in the operations because they were able to acquire new information and knowledge from different armed forces worldwide.
In the operational joint level of the military, a number of challenges may arise. The military, air force and the navy are participating in the operational joint level because it is more advantageous for the three divisions of the armed forces. They will be stronger and information can be passed easily from one component to another because all of the components are joint. According to DTIC[18] (2005), there are four major challenges that may emerge during the joint operations, and these are:
Catastrophic Challenges- it include obtaining, possessing, developing and using weapons of mass destruction. Prevention of these acts is a challenge for the joint operation because of the inefficiency to determine, track, fix and target these people. In order to prevent the acts of terrorism to happen the propagation of technologies that can identify and combat weapons of mass destructions enables the operational joint level to prevent the catastrophic attacks.
Irregular challenges- the opponents that use atypical methods and techniques to oppose the usual benefits of stronger antagonists, they function in a comparatively safe and unidentified place. The challenges include inadequate knowledge of the culture, such as language which increases the difficulty of the challenge.
Disruptive challenges- it may come from opponents that create and utilise new technologies to nullify the advantages of huge armies in the world in the important operational areas. Enemies and terrorists who are able to obtain a new technology in order to gain advantage will be a threat to the joint forces, as well as, the national security.
Traditional Challenges- a traditional enemy will use common forms of military force to challenge the British armed forces, as well as, the allies. The major challenge is to maintain the adequate abilities against the opponent, at the same time, efficiently handles and addresses the three other challenges posed by the adversaries.
Technology has aided the military forces in countering the opponents however, he rapid advancement in technology also benefited the adversaries because they utilised it to create new means and ways to terrorise the society. According to the White House (1995) the advantages of technology in the armed forces include establishing the national strategy of the military because it allows the armed forces to subject the most powerful military through utilising both the human and economic resources, technology delivers technical solutions in order to attain the future capabilities of joint war fighting with the allies, and technology enables the military to conduct its operations and peace-keeping missions more efficiently especially in a foreign country. Technology also enables the military to communicate with other joint forces and allies to effectively carry out the operations.[19]
However, technology has its share of disadvantages, according to Miller [20](2003) critics have pointed out some of the disadvantages which include the commercial computers of the military which are susceptible to crashing and hacking. In addition, the deficiency of bandwidth also delays the movements of the enemies by a couple of minutes. In addition, the Global positioning system is also susceptible to problems because sometimes GPS does not work and it is also vulnerable to immobilisation by the adversary.
The British Armed Forces is one of the biggest military in the world. As long as the United Kingdom is one of the richest and most powerful nations in this world their armed forces will play a vital role in the affairs of the world. With the proposed changes of the Armed Forces and the joining of the Military, Air Force and Royal Navy, the armed forces will be more intensified. In the joint operations of the three the Royal Navy will be a key on the operations, therefore the United Kingdom is investing on the fleets of the Royal Navy. The British Armed Forces will be more visible in various parts of the world in the future.
Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com
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