Research Articles Base: Graphic File Types

COMMON GRAPHIC FILE TYPES

A file format is the way of storing information in a file so that a program can open and save the file. A file’s structure defines how it is stored and displayed. File format is indicated by a three-letter extension after the file name, such as .doc. In making documents using the Word, many popular graphic file formats can be inserted directly into the document, eliminating the need for a separate graphic filter. The following formats are the basic graphic file types that do not need a graphic filter. Enhanced Metafile (.emf) Enhanced Metafile is a recently developed graphic file which is based on the older Windows Metafile (.wmf). Graphics Interchange Format (.gif) The Graphic Interchange Format (GIF), a compression technique developed by Compuserve, is best for images with solid areas of color; line drawings or logos; transparency effects in which you designate part of the image to disappear into the background; and animation. GIF works by compressing blocks of color. However, GIFs can only display a maximum of 256 colors which is represented by what is called bit depth. Bit depth controls the size of the colour palette which is used to describe the image. 1 bit = 2 colours    (21 = 2) 2 bit = 4 colours    (22 = 4) 3 bit = 8 colours    (23 = 8) 4 bit = 16 colours  (24 = 16) 5 bit = 32 colours  (25 = 32) 6 bit = 64 colours  (26 = 64) 7 bit = 128 colours (27 = 128) 8 bit = 256 colours (28 = 256) Joint Photographic Experts Group (.jpeg or .jpg) Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) was designed to compress high-quality images such as photographs and detailed artworks without sacrificing for the quality. It handles subtle shadings and color blends more efficiently than GIF. When saving images, the amount of compression and the resulting file size can be controlled by trying on and experimenting with the different settings until the right balance of quality and size are obtained. For a rule of thumb, consider that a 36K image will take 5 seconds or longer to be downloaded on a 56.6K modem. If JPEG is used in creating a background image for a web page, the lowest quality setting is used to get a small file size. This allows the background to be downloaded first before the rest of the page content. Portable Network Graphics (.png) Portable Network Graphics (PNG) is graphic format designed considered as the successor of GIF. It features compression, transparency, and progressive loading, like GIF, but it is free of patent restrictions and is supported by most current browsers even those browsers that are used in 1997. If you see the graphic above at the right, your browser supports it. Current versions of Netscape and MSIE support it. PNG is used for lossless compression and for displaying images on the web. The advantage of PNG is that it supports images with millions of colors and produces background transparency without jagged edges. The disadvantages are that PNG images will not show up on older browsers and is still comparatively larger in file size than GIFs. Microsoft Windows Bitmap (.bmp, .rle, .dib) The .bmp file format is a fairly simple bitmap format that can be viewed on many different platforms but is directly supported by very few browsers. It is not commonly used on the web (fortunately, as it is very inefficient) as GIFs, JPEGs, PNGs, and X-bitmaps are more preferred as they are more portable than .bmp. this file format is somewhat similar to the pict format. Run-Length-Encoding (.rle) is the non-lossy compression algorithm, usually compressed no more than 2:1 and is most often used on Windows *.bmp files. RLE non-lossy compressions are commonly used in archiving image files that cannot sustain any loss in quality. Windows defined image format specification (.dib) is called device-independent because of its straightforward, common-denominator, format. It has all the information that a basic digital image needs and is laid out in a simple specification that is easy to get with. Its simplicity makes it an ideal format for holding images that need to be shared by several programs. Windows Metafile Graphics (.wmf) Windows Metafile (WMF) is an image file format that is used to facilitate the exchange of graphic information between applications in the Microsoft Windows operating system. The WMF format is capable of storing a decent looking screen image and the complete vector data (precise mathematical definition) of a file. So far, WMF, has not yet gained the universal support among Windows applications that Microsoft was originally aiming for, but never bet against Microsoft. Windows Metafile format, which is an intermediate vector format for Windows programs is use when interchanging data and, generally speaking,can never be seen anywhere else. Tagged Image File Format (.TIFF more commonly .tif) Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) is a common format used for exchanging raster (bitmapped) images between application programs. Usually identified with the “.tiff” or “.tif” filename extension, the format was developed in 1986 by an industry committee chaired by the Aldus Corporation (now part of Adobe). Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard were also on the committee. One of the more common image formats, TIFFs are common in desktop publishing, faxing, and medical imaging applications. The TIFF file type is also commonly known as the ‘lossless, high quality’ option in digital cameras. Encapsulated PostScript (.eps) A file format for graphics and text supported by several graphics drawing applications, an Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) file can contain two versions of an image: a bitmap used to display the image on the screen and a PostScriptTM description used to print the image.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

COMMON GRAPHIC FILE TYPES

A file format is the way of storing information in a file so that a program can open and save the file. A file’s structure defines how ...

Sample Essay on The Joint Photographers Experts Group (JPEG)

Question I   Joint Photographer Experts Group (JPEG)   -           The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) file format is considered to be the best way to compact photos for use in web publication. This is because JPEGs save these images in 24-bit color while GIFs only use 8 bits or less. This allows saving of the rest of the colors. Accordingly, JPEGs are much suitable for photographs and images which use fine frequencies the combination of tone and color.   Most digital cameras also use the JPEG format to store images. JPEGs use a type of compression technique that which removes unwanted image data. This compression method used is the lossy compression method. In most cases, the more times that an image is compressed the more chances for the compression method to create artifacts. These artifacts are the unwanted distortions in the image. So every time an image is saved as a JPEG some of the data from the image is lost accordingly.   Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)                 The TIFFs main strengths lie in its highly flexible and platform-independent format which is supported by numerous image processing applications. Since it was designed by developers of printers, scanners and monitors, it has a very rich space of information elements for colorimetry calibration, gamut tables, etc. Another feature of TIFF which is also useful is the ability to decompose an image by tiles rather than scanlines. This permits much more efficient access to very large imagery which has been compressed (since one does not have to decompress an entire scanline).   Some common objections on the use of TIFF method is on its capability for saving vector graphics, text annotation, etc. Since TIFF method is saved as file-offsets this causes it to be no as easily stream able in the way JPEG streams are.     Graphics Interchange file Format (GIF)                 GIF is considered best for computer generated images with limited palettes. This is when a large area of uniform color and the total number of colors is smaller than 256 is present. With this kind of setting, GIFs can make flawless copies at high compression as long as the image contains large areas of uniform color, and as long as the image has no more than 256 colors. As of recent, most web authors nowadays prefer to use the PNG file format since this format is not limited to the 256 total number of colors to which the GIF is limited to. Furthermore, the PNG file format saves the image at a smaller file size compared to the GIF, and PNG is not limited to 256 colors as is GIF. The only reason to use GIF is for images with transparency.       Question II   Lossless compression   Lossless compression refers to the type of data compression technique wherein which no data is lost in the compression. For most types of data, lossless compression techniques can reduce the space needed by only about 50%. To achieve greater compression, it is suggested to use other methods of compression. Note, however, that only certain types of data — graphics, audio, and video — can tolerate lossy compression. It is also considered wise to use a lossless compression technique when compressing data and programs.   Furthermore, lossless compression technique is classified as a class of data compression algorithm which allows for the exact original data to be restored from the compacted data. This method is clearly in contrast with lossy data compression.   Lossless compression best used when it is crucial to original and the decompressed data to be identical with each other, or when no presumption can be made on whether certain changes are considered irrelevant. Some examples of this type of compression are those used in are executable programs and source codes. Moreover, some image file formats which use lossless compression include PNG, use only lossless compression. GIF uses a lossless compression method.   Additionally, lossless compression methods are further classified according to which type of data it is designed to compress. These three main types are: text, images, and sound. While in principle, any general-purpose lossless compression algorithm can be used on any type of data, many are unable to accomplish the substantial compression on data when it is used against the type of which it is designed for. Good examples of this are audio files which cannot be compressed well with conventional text compression algorithms    Most lossless compression programs use two different kinds of algorithms: one which generates a statistical model for the input data, and another which maps the input data to bit strings using this model in such a way that probable data will produce shorter output than implausible data. Most of the times, the first algorithm is chosen over the other which is meant for the more conventional uses.   Lossy compression   Lossy compression refers to the type of data compression technique in which some data is lost in the process of compression. This is because lossy compression techniques attempt to eliminate the redundant or unnecessary information which can take up size.   Additionally, when decompressing data from lossy data compression, the retrieved data is well different from the original but suffice to say that it is still close enough to be as useful as to the original. This is best used in web application most specially in the streaming of media and applications which use the telephony technology. These methods are referred to as codecs.  It is best to understand that the data compressed in lossy format can suffer losses when it is compressed and decompressed in a number of times.   The advantage which lossy methods brings in comparison with lossless methods is that a lossy method can create a much smaller and altogether compacted file than any known lossless method while still being able to achieve working ability.   These methods are most often used for compressing sound, images or videos. The compression ratio of lossy video codecs is nearly always far superior to those of the audio and still-image equivalents. Audio can be compressed at 1:10 with no noticeable loss of quality; video can be compressed immensely with little visible quality loss. Lossily compressed still images are often compressed to 1/10th their original size, as with audio, but the quality loss is more detectable, most especially upon closer review.   When a user decompresses a lossily-compressed file, the decompressed file can different as compared to the original at the bit level while still being undistinguishable to the human ear or eye for most practical purposes. Many methods focus on the idiosyncrasies of the human anatomy, taking into account, for example, that the human eye can see only certain types of light. These methods describes how sound can be highly compressed without reducing the perceived quality of the sound. These flaws caused by lossy compression that are noticeable to the human eye or ear are also known as compression artifacts.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Sample Essay on The Joint Photographers Experts Group (JPEG)

Question I Joint Photographer Experts Group (JPEG) - The Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) file format is considered...

IT

COMMON GRAPHIC FILE TYPES A file format is the way of storing information in a file so that a program can open and save the file. A file’s structure defines how it is stored and displayed. File format is indicated by a three-letter extension after the file name, such as .doc. In making documents using the Word, many popular graphic file formats can be inserted directly into the document, eliminating the need for a separate graphic filter. The following formats are the basic graphic file types that do not need a graphic filter. Enhanced Metafile (.emf) Enhanced Metafile is a recently developed graphic file which is based on the older Windows Metafile (.wmf). Graphics Interchange Format (.gif) The Graphic Interchange Format (GIF), a compression technique developed by Compuserve, is best for images with solid areas of color; line drawings or logos; transparency effects in which you designate part of the image to disappear into the background; and animation. GIF works by compressing blocks of color. However, GIFs can only display a maximum of 256 colors which is represented by what is called bit depth. Bit depth controls the size of the colour palette which is used to describe the image. 1 bit = 2 colours    (21 = 2) 2 bit = 4 colours    (22 = 4) 3 bit = 8 colours    (23 = 8) 4 bit = 16 colours  (24 = 16) 5 bit = 32 colours  (25 = 32) 6 bit = 64 colours  (26 = 64) 7 bit = 128 colours (27 = 128) 8 bit = 256 colours (28 = 256) Joint Photographic Experts Group (.jpeg or .jpg) Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) was designed to compress high-quality images such as photographs and detailed artworks without sacrificing for the quality. It handles subtle shadings and color blends more efficiently than GIF. When saving images, the amount of compression and the resulting file size can be controlled by trying on and experimenting with the different settings until the right balance of quality and size are obtained. For a rule of thumb, consider that a 36K image will take 5 seconds or longer to be downloaded on a 56.6K modem. If JPEG is used in creating a background image for a web page, the lowest quality setting is used to get a small file size. This allows the background to be downloaded first before the rest of the page content. Portable Network Graphics (.png) Portable Network Graphics (PNG) is graphic format designed considered as the successor of GIF. It features compression, transparency, and progressive loading, like GIF, but it is free of patent restrictions and is supported by most current browsers even those browsers that are used in 1997. If you see the graphic above at the right, your browser supports it. Current versions of Netscape and MSIE support it. PNG is used for lossless compression and for displaying images on the web. The advantage of PNG is that it supports images with millions of colors and produces background transparency without jagged edges. The disadvantages are that PNG images will not show up on older browsers and is still comparatively larger in file size than GIFs. Microsoft Windows Bitmap (.bmp, .rle, .dib) The .bmp file format is a fairly simple bitmap format that can be viewed on many different platforms but is directly supported by very few browsers. It is not commonly used on the web (fortunately, as it is very inefficient) as GIFs, JPEGs, PNGs, and X-bitmaps are more preferred as they are more portable than .bmp. this file format is somewhat similar to the pict format. Run-Length-Encoding (.rle) is the non-lossy compression algorithm, usually compressed no more than 2:1 and is most often used on Windows *.bmp files. RLE non-lossy compressions are commonly used in archiving image files that cannot sustain any loss in quality. Windows defined image format specification (.dib) is called device-independent because of its straightforward, common-denominator, format. It has all the information that a basic digital image needs and is laid out in a simple specification that is easy to get with. Its simplicity makes it an ideal format for holding images that need to be shared by several programs. Windows Metafile Graphics (.wmf) Windows Metafile (WMF) is an image file format that is used to facilitate the exchange of graphic information between applications in the Microsoft Windows operating system. The WMF format is capable of storing a decent looking screen image and the complete vector data (precise mathematical definition) of a file. So far, WMF, has not yet gained the universal support among Windows applications that Microsoft was originally aiming for, but never bet against Microsoft. Windows Metafile format, which is an intermediate vector format for Windows programs is use when interchanging data and, generally speaking,can never be seen anywhere else. Tagged Image File Format (.TIFF more commonly .tif) Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) is a common format used for exchanging raster (bitmapped) images between application programs. Usually identified with the “.tiff” or “.tif” filename extension, the format was developed in 1986 by an industry committee chaired by the Aldus Corporation (now part of Adobe). Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard were also on the committee. One of the more common image formats, TIFFs are common in desktop publishing, faxing, and medical imaging applications. The TIFF file type is also commonly known as the ‘lossless, high quality’ option in digital cameras. Encapsulated PostScript (.eps) A file format for graphics and text supported by several graphics drawing applications, an Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) file can contain two versions of an image: a bitmap used to display the image on the screen and a PostScriptTM description used to print the image.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

COMMON GRAPHIC FILE TYPES A file format is the way of storing information in a file so that a program can open and save the file. A file’...

GRAPH

Graphs Graphs are pictures or figures that can help us understand amounts. These amounts are called data. It is also presentation of the data figuratively which has linear and logarithmic scales. It is a visual display of data that use to present frequency distribution so that the distribution shape can be easily determined. It shows percentages and proportions. Similarly, is a graphic organizer and represents tabular numeric data and/or functions. They are also used in making an easier to understand large quantities of data and the relationship between the different parts of the data. Therefore, it should have the appropriate graph forms for the appropriate amount. Bar Graph                           A bar graph is used in showing a relationship between groups. The two items that have to compared should not affect each other. The bar graphs are use in displaying data in a similar way to line graphs. It also uses vertical rectangular bar that levels off at the appropriate level. These, bar graphs are commonly use also in making comparison between the different variables and made them easy to see. They also shows clearly the trends in data, which means that they show on how one variable is affected as the other rises or falls. It clearly shows that given the one variable, the value of the other variable can easily be determined.              Knowing, the uses of these of the bar graphs, clearly it has been seen that the example above uses correct graph which is the bar graph. And it was the best way in presenting this data because it has the comparing two variables, and shows that as the one variables falls and raises it also affects the other variables. Also, the graph obviously support the data in proper way and the other way in presenting this data is to use the line graph. Line Graph             Line graph also compares two variables wherein each variable is plotted along an axis. It has a vertical and horizontal axis to measure the trend of the data. Line graph is useful in several ways such as showing the specific values of such data, which means that in any given one variable the other can easily be determined. They show trends in the data clearly, which means that they visibly show how one variable is affected by the other, also enable the viewer to make predictions about the data which not currently been recorded.             In the example above, it also uses the proper graph which is the line graph because it shows the trends of the hourly minimum wage since the Oct. 1938 and up to Sept. 1997. Based on this graph also one can easily predict the upcoming years. This graph has definitely support the given data and has been interpreted properly.   Pie Graph                           Pie graph or sometimes called the circle graph is a graph shaped like a pie which divides it into fractional parts. This is also simple means a display of percentages which are commonly used to compare different parts of the same whole.             The circle or the whole of the pie graph represents a 100%, wherein each portion within the circle stands for a part of that 100%. In this manner, it is possible and can be easily determine to see something which is divided among the different groups. Therefore, the parts of the graphs should be properly named so that it easy for the viewer to see what the parts were being presented.             The example above used the proper way of presenting the data wherein it can easily determine what the favorite flavor of the ice cream and least favorite that can be improve more. This is also the best way in presenting such kind of data.                               Pictograph             Pictograph are graphs that has a simple drawings to depicts the quantities, it also use in making abstract comparisons which are more concrete, it uses the shadow that leaves details, and also it is also use for the enhancement to the young audience.             The example above shows the best graph to represent the date and uses an object which is related to the topic so that readers will easily determine the value of the given data based on the pictures.                       Bibliography Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

GRAPH

Graphs Graphs are pictures or figures that can help us understand amounts. These amounts are called data. It is also presentation of th...

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