Question #1 (2 pages) Describe the impact of chronic illness on both patients and their families with regard to Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, asthma, emphysema, and AIDS.


            Chronic illnesses such as Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, asthma, emphysema and aids are said to have major impact on the patient and their families.  Accordingly, each of the illness has different effect in terms of psychological, emotional, physical, and financial aspects of the patients and their families.  It is said that each disease inspires a psychological response and the impact of the disease depends on the type of the disease a person has.


For instance, if an individual is diagnosed to have a disease like diabetes, asthma and others, the reaction may be rage, anxiety, fear, depression, stubborn denial, or passive resentment. In the absence of faith, someone or something must shoulder the blame, whether itself, family, caregiver, or the environment. Coping with such normal human reactions can profoundly affect the systemic effects of any disease,. Against a background of such emotion, the optimal treatment of a disease requires a skilful healthcare professionals and an insightful patient (1993). 


Not only the patient, but the families and other people surrounding the patient are also affected in different aspects. Specifically, diseases such as those mentioned above is said to affect the quality living of the patient and their families.  It has been defined that quality of life covers all the important aspect of a client’s life such as their physical, psychological, spiritual and social being; their connection to the environment and their aspiration to what they will or can become ( 2002). 


The quality of life as impacted by chronic conditions has been the subject of much research. Not only is the quality of life impacted for the clients afflicted with chronic diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, AIDS, diabetes, asthma and their families are also impacted by this phenomenon.  According to  (2003), the uncertainty of the disease further complicates the courses of the diseases and the emotional toll which the disease places on the family of the suffering client are also of great concern. Some of the problems are experienced by clients/families are emotional, social and financial problems.


            In addition, chronic disease can also impact the psychosocial and occupational and social distress like increased levels of fear and depression of stigma.  Chronic disease also affects the patient’s occupational lives causing them to miss work or be less productive at work or at their house. In addition, behavioral and emotional aspects are also affected since patients tend to become more moody, stressed, and depress because of their disease. On one hand, family may sometimes become inpatients with their family member who have the disease and may also feel depression and stress. In this regard, family relationship is also being affected by these diseases. In terms of financial aspects, the family are suffering from the financial burden in meeting the healthcare and medical needs of the patients.


            By and large, it can be said that when one member of the family have chronic disease, it is not only the patient who is impacted or affected but the entire family members.


 


Question #2 (2 pages) Evaluate the various models as explanations for the development of problem drinking. Include why people drink and how people can change problem drinking. Found in


                  Problem drinking also known as the alcohol abuse is characterized by desire or a strong need, or craving, to drink. It is also described as loss of control which is the frequent failure to stop drinking once an individual has begun. Alcoholism is defined as a chronic behavioral disorder which is manifested by undue preoccupation with alcohol to the detriment of physical and mental health, by a loss of control when drinking has begun (although it may not be carried to the point of intoxication), and by a self-destructive attitude in dealing with personal relationships and life situations (1997). Alcoholism, is the result of disturbance and deprivation in early infantile experience and the related alterations in basic physiochemical responsiveness; the identification by the alcoholic with significant figures who deal with life problems through the excessive use of alcohol; and a socio-cultural milieu which causes ambivalence, conflict, and guilt in the use of alcohol. A person is physically dependent with alcohol if he experiences some symptoms such as sweating, nausea, shakiness, and anxiety when the person tries to stop the consumption of alcohol (2005).  There are many various models that explain the development of problem drinking. Such theories include psychological theories, tension-reduction model, personality theory, and Interact ional theory. According to some authors, there are several dimensions of personality which have repeatedly appeared to underlie drinking problem. For instance, antisocial impulsivity has been strongly associated in problem drinking which is mostly experienced by men.  On one hand, Interact ional theory which incorporate both social and personality condition have conceived the context of problem drinking within a larger context of functionality which is equivalent to behavioral patterns and thus are not particular theories for drinking.


            Another theory is the tension-reduction model of drinking.  . For some, alcohol drinking can serve society meaningfully as a ritual symbol, as a means of enhancing food, as a tension releaser, and as a way of developing social ease. Yet man has, under its influence, committed crimes of all sorts and at all levels. Alcohol, “symbolizes the paradox of the human condition” (1962). 


            (1962) in a lengthy manner discussed the reasons. These are: 1. to counter depression; 2. to blur perceptions purposively; 3. to act as a defense mechanism; 4. to break down psychological barriers; 5. Used in ceremonies and religious rituals; 6. for social gatherings; 7.To achieve a state of bliss; and 8. to appease a non-drinking partner. The differences of their definitions, however, seem vague.


Question #3 ( 1page) Define and discuss the types of exercises, and the physical and psychological benefits. Provide examples in your response.


            Exercising is an essential aspect of staying healthy when you want to be physically fit. Moderate physical activities on a regular basis also helps decrease fatigue, strengthen muscles and bone, increase stamina and flexibility and enhance general sense of healthy and well being. An individual should be able to commit in a regular exercise because it has both physical and psychological benefits. There are three types of activities done in exercising and this includes flexibility through stretching and range of motion exercises, cardiovascular or aerobic exercises and strengthening or resistance exercises.


            Flexibility exercises include gentle stretching exercises that should be done in a daily basis and are the most essential among the types of exercises. Doing this can help an individual protect the joints by reducing the risks of having injuries. In addition, it can also help people in warming up for more strenuous exercise by letting your body move and also help in relaxing and releasing tension from the body.  Such can be done in land or in water such as hot tub, pool, and war bath. Such exercise can be specifically useful for easing stiff joints felt in the morning.  Example of this type includes tai chi and yoga and other flexibility exercises provided by the instructors.


            The next is strengthening exercises which are very helpful with people having arthritis. This type can help build the muscles to be able to absorb shock and safeguard the joints from injury and enable an individual to get around better.


Such exercise use resistance and weight to enable the muscles to work harder and making them get stronger. There are two kinds of strengthening exercises such as the isotonic and isometric. The isometric are good for individuals with arthritis because they work by muscle tightening without moving the joint. On one hand, Isotonic exercises strengthen the muscles by moving the joint. For instance, straightening the knee while sitting helps the muscle to be stronger. Such exercise also benefits people to feel better and become more productive.


            The last type is the cardiovascular which is a physical activity which uses the large muscles of the body in continuous and rhythmic motions. This includes dancing, walking, swimming, and others. The main purpose of this is to make the heart, blood vessels, lungs and muscles function more effectively and healthy. This type of exercise can also enhance endurance, improved sleep. stronger bones, reduced stress and controlled weight.


 


Question #4 (1 page)  is 20 pounds heavier than the ideal. Why would you say to improve her health?


            I will tell Darlene to improve her health because I want her to become healthier and to prevent diseases associated with overweight.  I will tell her that living a healthy lifestyle is important to prevent serious problems in the future.  According to the World Health Organization, health is described as the state of a complete emotional, physical, and social well-being of an individual and not merely the absence of infirmity or disease.  The WHO further refined health definition and they have seen health as a resource for daily life not the objective of living. Health is a positive context which emphasizes social and personal resources and also the physical ability.  I will tell Darlene about the importance of losing weight to her self-image and confidence.   I will also say that improving her weight status can give her sufficient energy to perform daily tasks and activities without undue fatigue. If she is healthy, she has the ability to cope daily challenges and can carry out social interactions without undue emotional, mental, or behavioral deficiencies. On the other hand, this will also improve her social interaction with other individuals within his or her social environment. I will tell her to improve her health status to become capable of capable of creating and enjoying harmonious and satisfying personal relationships.


            I will tell her that the health status of an individual is synonymous to a person’s well-being, which refers to the state of being contented, successful, and healthy. This condition encompasses clear thinking, spirituality and emotional ability that enables a person to create, love, and change. In order to achieve a good well-being, the individual must undergo a life long process of becoming aware of alternatives and choices to make appropriate decisions toward a more balanced and fulfilling life.


 



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