Research Articles Base: Comparative Written Essay

Elizabethan Theatre – Persuasive and Comparative Written Essay

1. Construct analytical expositions (literary arguments), including persuasive and comparative, in written format, for an informed audience, on a range of literary forms and/or texts.   2. Appraise critically, using appropriate terminology, the literary forms and techniques.   3. Analyse dramatic text and written reference materials in written and oral/visual form. 1.1 Interpret sat tasks effectively 1.2 Select accurate relevant content 1.3 Analyse text for meanings or themes 1.4 Develop clear thesis statements 1.5 Use valid arguments to support thesis 1.7 Organise ideas logically 1.8 Use literary terms appropriately 1.9 Demonstrate technical proficiency in English 1.10 Use recognised conventions for referencing 2.1 Define and describe the topic concepts  and/or context accurately 2.2 Critically analyse the effectiveness of literary techniques 2.3 Describe a range of literary forms and conventions 2.4 Critically analyse literary forms and conventions 3.1 Organise information 3.2 Analyse themes and elements of characterization 3.3 Apply knowledge of genre conventions 3.4 Argue using evidence to support a point of view 3.5 Use recognised referencing and bibliographic systems 3.6 Interpret design with dramatic texts Elizabethan Theatre – Persuasive and Comparative Written Essay     Length: Approximately 1000 words   Purpose: Apply dramatic knowledge and analytical skills to Shakespearean plays   Task: Write an essay explaining how film can make Shakespeare more assessable to contemporary audiences. Compare and contrast elements of Elizabethan stage and elements of modern film productions of Shakespearean plays. Referring to the sets and staging, acting styles, themes, costuming, and language. Refer to a variety of Shakespearean plays you have read and/or viewed. <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal"> Hamlet </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Macbeth </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> A Midsummer Night’s Dream </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Richard III </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> Romeo and Juliet </li> <li class="MsoNormal"> The Taming of the Shrew </li> </ul>         Assessment Criteria:     Examples of in text referencing and bibliographic referencing   In text referencing:   Syphilis spreads by means of intimate personal contact with the sore known as the bacterium Treponema Pallidum.  If left untreated, syphilis progresses through three stages – which can ultimately lead to death (Connolly 2002, 31).  The primary stage is evident, often by a single painless sore called a chancre, occurring where the syphilis infection entered the body, this can last up to six weeks.  Usually left untreated, it heals itself, however the disease remains (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention 2003) (Queensland Government Queensland Health 2004).    The references highlighted in blue are in order of (Author, Year and Page no.)     Bibliographic Referencing:   McCuen, G. E. 1998. Human Experimentation: When Research is Evil. Wisconsin. Gary. E. McCuen Publications.   For books the Harvard referencing: Author. Year. Title. Place of Publication. Publisher.   Moore, P. ed. 2001. Killer Germs: Rouge Diseases of the 21 Century. London. Carlton Books.   For books with only an editor as author the Harvard referencing: Editor name. note that it is the editor. Year. Title. Place of Publication. Publisher.   Mutimer, K. Sexual Health Australia.1998. Syphilis Treatment Options. http://www.medicineau.net.au/clinical/sexualhealth/syphilis.html  (accessed February 16, 2006).   For websites the Harvard referencing: Author whether person and/or institution. Publisher. Year. Title. URL address (in full). When accessed (date, month, year).   Searle, M. 1993. Before It’s Too Late. Perth: Storyteller Productions [Videorecording: VHS].   For videos and DVD’s the Harvard referencing: Author/writer. Year. Title. Place it was Produced: Production Company. [Format i.e. video, dvd, download]. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Elizabethan Theatre – Persuasive and Comparative Written Essay

1. Construct analytical expositions (literary arguments), including persuasive and comparative, in written format, for an informed...

COMPARATIVE SOCIAL STRUCTURES: ESSAY INSTRUCTIONS

COMPARATIVE SOCIAL STRUCTURES: ESSAY INSTRUCTIONS

I need you yo please write these essay properly the topic is “Gendr pay gap in france” write on the cause like qualificatin, experience e....

In Extended Understanding of Shakespeare through Film

In Extended Understanding of Shakespeare through Film   Introduction William Shakespeare has written most of the problematic texts in all of literature. With the exception of certain biblical texts, no other work has produced such a continuing, lively, and contentious debate about how the readers are supposed to understand it. In fact, one could very easily construct a thorough and intriguing history of modern literary criticism based upon nothing other than various interpretative takes on Shakespeare’s works – a task which has already been carried out by at least one historian of ideas. Such critical undertaking in the literature studies commonly revolve around the use of copies of the work as well as the viewing of stage plays. Given this critical confusion, it might as well admit up front that the readers are not going to arrive at anything like a firm consensus on what the play is about and how the readers should understand it. However, wrestling with this play is a very important and stimulating exercise, because it puts a lot of pressure on the readers to reach some final interpretation (that is, it generates in them a desire to make sense of all the elements in it, to find some closure), and, even if that goal eludes them, they can learn a great deal about reading poetic drama and interpreting literature from a serious attempt to grasp this most elusive work. In this respect, this paper intends to discuss that better understanding of the works of Shakespeare can be extended using the film production techniques to reach the contemporary audiences. Production similarities as well as difference between plays and film were likewise discussed to support such claim using various works of Shakespeare that have been displayed in theater acts and film productions.        Discussions Media in all its forms serves as the ultimate information bank where the people around the world derive knowledge and facts, learn and enhance imagination, broaden reasoning, and finally, aid their decision-making.  At present, the modern media “produce and circulate meaning in the society” (2002) within the context of nationality and cultural heritage, religion, regional identities, societal classes, ethnic and minority rituals, family values and self-actualization.  Comparing the staging of the plays and films depicting the works of Shakespeare, it is apparent that in stage plays, empathic participation of the audience is more demanded compared to film audiences. But in the new-fangled inclusive environment where people get their selves engrossed in commerce, in the marketplace, and in a world of competitive and diversified commodities, art is contemporary and multifaceted ( 2001) which resulted to modern audiences to adhere to the convenience and accessibility of film productions as medium to better understand and critically assess the works of Shakespeare. In the case of Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Othello, presentation of the narratives were made more modern compared to the level of loyalty of theater staging to original plot and details of the entire production aspect. In theater productions, the producer normally delivers casting choices (1996). If the playwright is a participant, he/she will usually have definite opinions as to who should or should not be cast. It should be remembered, however, that the director is the one who will be working the most closely with the actors. In additions, his/her experience may often lead to the workable choice, as there is much more involved than merely the “right” look (1996). But the most important qualification for him is that the person can justify and follow the principles of art, dance and theatre in particular (1998). Even though film do not have an interactive audience in terms of acting as compared to theatre ( 2001), it could be said that there are billion of people who watch films. They find their personality more aligned in the portrayal of the characters in movies. They empathize with the fate of the characters presented in the film. Viewers also delight when the character in which they can associate themselves with are in good condition after a series of hardships and troubles. They are defected when the character they adore dies or loses the fight ( 1990). This one among the several reasons on why viewers who see the influences behind and surrounding filmmakers can more clearly and fully understand why films are presented in such ways which are relevant in the level of understanding portrayed by audiences who learn the works of Shakespeare like Othello through film viewing. Theme is the basic idea of the film (1999,). It may touch on different aspects of life. It may also be subjective or objective in nature. Various films may be expressed through motif, metaphor, and symbols (1999). With this, one can create a mental calculation on what to expect about the film. It may be supposed as a film about life, or its essence, or anything that a person can relate to. Historical, social, fantasy, comedy, etc. or simply the genres of films define the theme of the movie. Many film plots are much like each other but it changes in how the story is told and that makes the great difference (1999). There are two known ways to tell a story: chronological order and flashback. Chronological order or sometimes called chronology of events starts at a given point in time and the following straight through the end of the story. On the contrary, flashback is the return to the past from a present point in time (1999). In analysing the theme of a film, it could be affirmed that the universality or the worldwide popularity, relevance, and intellectual or philosophical aspects must be considered. Furthermore, film themes must be honest, sincere, and related to the plot (1999). In this respect, the difference between theatrical productions and film productions of Shakespearean works lies in the narrative style utilized by the directors. Film productions have more freedom in the type and style of presentation to mediate the plot of the stories. This serves as an effective technique of providing better understanding of the story to the audiences using film as literary channel. As the film production begins, the production design comes in (1998). With constant communication and instruction from the director, the production designer plans the set, costumes as well as make-ups. The production design is centred into the art aspect of the film. There are several departments that mainly work out the plans for the entire film visual appearance. The actions of the said individuals are related mainly on the genre of the film being made. Evaluating the effectiveness of production design largely depends on the contribution it made in the totality of the finished product. Meanwhile, theater has had a more or less interesting history considering that it has continuously understood to be a mysterious art form which can entertain and teach. Even those who believed that they are of the lowliest in the status quo will be able to comprehend and enjoy the presentations that are offered to them. Its evolution is likened to peeling of an onion’s layers which, in order to rightfully understand the importance of each part, must be taken away, thus, comes the analogy wherein each part of the layers, including the scenery, the background, the stage, the music, the costumes, the actors, the audience, and even the direction are stripped individually just to take into the significance of all these elements. Theater productions are obviously exaggerated in their portrayals following the original works of the playwright unlike the more technical and flexible presentation of films which closes more the gap between the literary piece and the audiences understanding. Directors do the play from their own perspective (1994).  (1994) believes that may it be good, bad, indifferent, or shallow or deep, it is a singular production that evolves from the talents and personalities rehearsing it. In their own interpretation of texts, a director must determine which directions are actually the playwright’s and which are the stage manager’s notes from the initial production (1996). If someone does not have the essential facilities or equipment to do what is asked, he or she must choose how to achieve the best effect that is wanted in the some possible ways and remedies. It is important to be consistent with the overall production, and his or her decisions must be text supported, but it is probably better to change directions if they cannot be done effectively and well. They facilitate the extraction of the creative juices of actors by means of internalization, research and experimentation. This applies to all aspects of theatrical productions including the language used in the play. Consistency serves as one of the guidelines in the success of stage plays. And since theater productions of the works of Shakespeare are more traditional and loyal to every scene and act of the literary piece, old English is normally used as the language in theater productions of such works.  In film productions, meanwhile, consistency likewise serves its purpose and the more contemporary approaches of the use of language in filming Shakespearean plays. As such, film versions of the literary pieces utilize the less rustic English language style to narrate the plot of the story   Conclusion If one of the really important functions of great literature is to stimulate thought-provoking conversations which force the readers to come to grips with many things about the text and about ourselves, then the works of Shakespeare are particularly valuable. With the spread of faster and powerful information technology like the Internet, transfer of knowledge can be done in a blink of an eye.  In premises of computer shops or in the house, a person can read books of great academician browse world-wide events and communicate to people, even view them, from other countries.  (1972) and  (1997) recognize the effect of the assumptions held by authors regarding the ‘passive’ position of their readers on the content of the messages that could either contribute to or detract from the credibility of the source. Similar to the claims of rhetorical criticism, critical literacy “complements media literacy in particular as it offers a way to examine how media messages are designed for certain groups, why some media texts might be more effective than others, what issues are raised by media coverage, and whose interests are served by media content’ (2002). Hence, in analyzing the differing impact of film and theatrical productions of the literary masterpieces of Shakespeare in terms of staging, acting, theme/plot, production and costumes as well as language, the contemporary culture and lifestyle of today’s audiences are best served by the film medium to enhance and foster better understanding of the highly academic and popular literary works. The shared values and lifestyle dictated by the way of presenting particular ideologies to the society could lead to more workable as well as increased understanding of the literary works of Shakespeare. In this regard, it is most effectively delivered by film production characteristics and features.     Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

In Extended Understanding of Shakespeare through Film

In Extended Understanding of Shakespeare through Film Introduction William Shakespeare has written most of the problematic texts in ...

Comparison of the Pension System of Hong Kong and Japan

Introduction Pension funds have a pervasive influence on the economy, affecting in particular the maturity and, to some degree, the magnitude of saving, patterns of employment and retirement, adequacy and distribution of retirement income, and corporate finance. But the best way to conceptualize their function may be as a form of retirement-income insurance.   There are arguments both for and against funding. Governments have accordingly chosen to maintain at least basic levels of pay-as-you-go social security. The scope of such unfunded social-security schemes has historically been the key determinant of the scale of private retirement saving (Davis 1997). But, in addition, demographic difficulties of social security are currently leading many governments to consider a shift away from comprehensive social security towards private funded pensions. Given social-security provisions, the degree to which pension funds are used as the vehicle for retirement saving depends crucially on the fiscal and regulatory regime. Regulation of aspects such as portability of pensions may also have important consequences for economic efficiency. There is little consensus between countries on the appropriate form of regulation; some a priori suggestions based on economic theory as to good practice can be made (Davis 1997). Pensions are used to give finances to individuals after they reach a certain retiring age. There are different systems for pension payments. Each country has a pension system that offers something different. A country’s pension system is aligned to the demands of the internal situation and the needs of the citizen. This paper intends to compare the pension system of Hong Kong and Japan.   Social Policies In general, social policy-makers engage in a range of activities related to discovering and trying to solve social problems, or meeting an array of human needs. Yet the very idea that there are social problems out there waiting to be discovered is also controversial. Spending money and employing people to deliver services is a central part of policy-making, and social policy tends to be one of the biggest single items of expenditure for modern governments. In short, social policy refers to what governments do when they attempt to improve the quality of people’s lives by providing a range of income support, community services and support programs. Although social policy is an activity that governments do, it is not just confined to the realm of government, however. There has already been reference to the fact that some people do research or engage in advocacy for policy change. This is one way of recognizing that policy-making involves many other organizations besides government bureaucracies and departments (Dalton, Smyth & Watts 2006). Although multi tiered institutions are likely to produce some broadly similar features of social policy development, there is also substantial variation within the universe of multi tiered political systems (Leibfried & Pierson 1995).   The extent of reserved powers, the nature of shared arrangements for decision making, and the forms in which constituent units are represented at the center have important consequences. The evolution of social policy in multi tiered systems exhibits a pronounced territorial dimension. Social policy integration is a process that involves the interplay of policymakers and policies at the central level with the political actors and policies of a polity’s constituent units. Three broad consequences of multi tiered governance have particular relevance to social policy development: the introduction of constituent members as autonomous policymakers and political actors, the prevalence of dilemmas associated with shared decision making, and the modification of strategies and resources available to social groups (Leibfried & Pierson 1995).The possibility of policy preemption suggests that an important source of variation among multi tiered systems arises from the timing of social policy interventions by constituent members and central authorities. And where constituent members act first, the dynamics of preemption are likely to have consequential effects on social policy development. The relations between different governmental tiers are not exclusively ones of competition and preemption, however. Constituent members may also play a significant role as petitioners, seeking central government responses to collective action problems. Needing to balance policy goals with institutional protections for constituent units, multi tiered systems generally produce far more complex decision making arrangements than do centralized systems (Leibfried & Pierson 1995). Social policies involves the guidelines that governments use to change maintain or create specific living conditions that match situations that are conducive to human welfare.  Social policy is affected by the changing scenario in a country or region. Social policy aims to meet human needs by focusing on concepts such as education, health and housing. Through social policy human welfare is upgraded to acceptable levels.   Pension Policies Like funded occupational plans, mandatory saving schemes can foster long-term saving and capital market development. But unlike defined benefit occupational schemes, they are fully funded by nature rather than by regulation. Their coverage can be broad. They do not imply portability problems or inhibit labor mobility. They permit workers to diversify risk. And unlike defined contribution occupational schemes, they allow workers, who bear the investments risk, to choose the investment manager. Mandatory saving nevertheless creates a new set of problems (Bodie, Mitchell & Turner1996). Most notably, privately managed schemes fail to insure workers against poor investment performance of the funds, a problem especially great where many workers have had little financial experience or information. In addition, they do not assist workers with low lifetime incomes or provide adequate pensions in the start-up years of the plan. For these reasons, a decentralized mandatory saving scheme requires a regulatory structure that protects workers against ill-informed investment choices. In a mandatory saving scheme, the worker’s pension is financed by the saving account that accumulates before retirement and its size depends on the contribution rate, the growth rate of earnings, the interest rate, and the number of working and retirement years (Bodie, Mitchell & Turner1996).   If a higher wage replacement rate is desired, a higher contribution rate is required. The required contribution rate rises the longer the retirement period is relative to the working period and the smaller the rate of return is relative to the growth rate of real earnings. The required contribution rate is higher in plans that make poor investments, incur high administrative costs, index pensions to prices or wages, or permit accumulated balances to be used for other purposes such as housing, education, or health care. Traditionally, pension specialists have assumed that real rates of return are about two percentage points higher than the growth rate of real earnings. In mandatory saving schemes workers assume the investment and inflation risks for their own retirement funds. Investment risk arises from variations in investment performance and is closely related to pension fund solvency risk. Investment risk is particularly high at the time of retirement, when many workers use their accumulated assets to purchase a lifetime annuity; the level of interest rates and the state of the financial market on the date the annuity is purchased are critical (Cornwell, Dorsey & Macpherson 1998).  One of the most hotly debated issues in pension economics is the effect of pay-as-you-go versus funded schemes on household and national saving. Some analysts argue that pension schemes have no effect on total national saving, that consumers substitute taxes or saving under the scheme for other forms of saving. Other analysts maintain that pay-as-you-go schemes reduce national saving while funded pension schemes displace some personal saving but not on a one for one basis, so total national saving increases (Cornwell, Dorsey & Macpherson 1998).  A part of a country’s social policy is its pension policies. This kind of policy sets the guidelines in the collection and disbursement of funds for retirees. The pension policies helps in making sure that retirees will have sources of income even if they have stopped working.   Japan Pension System Under the current Japanese pension system, the lifetime pension benefit of an average salaried man born in 1935 is greater than his lifetime pension contributions by 0,000. If he were faced with the contribution and benefit schedules that a person born in 2000 faces, his lifetime benefit would be less than his lifetime contribution by 0,000. This means that the net pension benefit is different between the two cohorts by 0,000 even under the assumption that their lifetime incomes are equal. Such extreme inequity between different cohorts is caused by the fact that Japan’s public pension system is essentially a pay-as-you-go system. There are three public pension systems in Japan: the National Pension (NP), the Private Sector Employee Pension (PEP), and the Government and Education Sector Employee Pension (GEP).  The NP covers all adults from 20 to 60 years old. The PEP covers employees in the private sector, and the GEP covers employees in the public sector and private schools (Ihori & Tachibanaki 2002).  The main cause of the generational conflict over public pensions is that the Japanese pension system is financed basically by the pay-as-you-go scheme, where the benefits for the retired at any given time are financed by contributions from the contemporary workers. Under this scheme, increases in the size of the retiree population relative to the size of the working population push up the pension burden borne by each worker (Ihori & Tachibanaki 2002). The pension system of Japan focuses on the pay as you go system. In such system the finances received by the retiree is affected by the collection from the contributing workers.   Hong Kong Pension system The guiding principles and parameters of Hong Kong’s social-security system were defined between the mid 1940s and the mid 1960s when the government made it clear that its top concern was economic growth and that social welfare was to be provided primarily by family and voluntary agencies The principle of limited state involvement was even more clearly manifested in the launch of the privately funded Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) in 1995. The establishment of the MPF was the final step in a process that began almost four decades earlier. The adoption of MPF was consistent with the Hong Kong government’s efforts since the mid 1990s to reduce its role in social security. Civil servants are a privileged lot in Hong Kong and this is reflected in their retirement benefits. They have been entitled to pensions since the early years of colonial rule and are currently governed by Pension Benefits Ordinance and Regulations. The scheme is non-contributory and is funded from the government’s general revenues (Ramesh 2003). The government is actively considering replacing the taxpayer-funded civil servants’ pension with an MPF-like scheme. However, instead of the 5 per cent that private employers contribute, the government will contribute 25 per cent to its employees’ individual accounts (Ramesh 2003). Hong Kong is not focused on social security and because of that the government has no direct policy on pension systems. The government only has a mandatory provident fund that aims to help employees to save some money until their day of retirement comes.  This scheme requires the personnel to contribute monthly to MPF Schemes IN approved private organizations. Table of similarities and differences of Japan and Hong Kong’s pension policy 		Similarities 		Differences 		Both countries require the collection 		of pension funds. 		Japan uses the Pay as you go system; 		Hong Kong uses the MPF system. 		Both countries intend to provide 		finances to retirees and other people without a job. 		Japan has a well organized strategy on 		pension and its systems; Hong Kong has not given much focus on the 		Pension system. 		Both countries gain commendable funds 		from the pension collection. 		Japan has limitations on private 		collections for pension systems; Hong Kong gives more freedom for 		private firms to institute their own pension system. 		Both countries use the pension system 		to demonstrate that the government cares for social security. 		Japan constantly amends its policies on 		pensions; Hong Kong has little concern over such system.   The similarities and difference in the pension policies Changes in the global economy are important, but it is primarily social and economic transformations occurring within affluent democracies that generate fiscal strain. Slower economic growth associated with the transition to a post-industrial economy, the maturation of government policy commitments, and population ageing and changing household structures have all combined to create a context of essentially permanent austerity. At the same time, tax levels strain public tolerance, while payroll contribution rates appear to jeopardize employment. While tax increases have contributed to closing the gap between commitments and resources, it is difficult to imagine that in many countries changes in revenues alone could be sufficient to maintain fiscal equilibrium. Yet support for the welfare state remains widespread almost everywhere. The core constituencies for social programs are broad. Furthermore, social actors have made important commitments over extended periods of time to distinct national systems of health care, labor market, and pension policy. These systems are thus deeply embedded in national polities (Pierson 2001). Finally, most political systems contain major formal or informal veto points which militate against radical change. In most countries, there is little sign that the basic commitments to a mixed economy of welfare face a fundamental political challenge. Nor is there much evidence of convergence towards some neo liberal orthodoxy. Pension systems have become major targets of welfare state reform understandably, given the budgetary implications of current trends in most countries (Pierson 2001).   Pension reform, for instance, is high on the agenda almost everywhere. Here, proposed reforms will have major implications for the distribution of benefits and burdens along the lines of income, class, gender, and age. A critical question will be the extent to which adjustments in pension systems fall on those currently in retirement as opposed to current workers. Decisions to tighten links between pension contributions and benefits are likely to disadvantage most women and many blue-collar workers. By contrast, in most cases these controversial reforms of public pension systems are not likely to produce intense divisions between public and private sector workers. A critical issue, however, will be the manner in which both public and private sector unions choose to balance the conflicting interests of different generations of workers (Sparkes 2002).  Social and pension policies affected the similarities of the two country’s pension system.  The social policy of taking care of the citizens paved the way for both countries to render mandatory collection of funds that will be used in their old age. If both Japan and Hong Kong does not have a responsibility to take care of their people, they would not even suggest having a pension fund.  The social policy of providing financial security to the people paved the way for Japan and Hong Kong to provide finances to retirees and other people without a job. The two countries allowed the collection of funds that the people might need as they grow old. The two countries made sure that the people will have financial security through collection of funds that can only be used at a specific period of time. Both countries gain commendable funds from the pension collection. This helped both countries to commence with their social policy on providing infrastructures to the people. The funds collected are reused by both countries to fund for various infrastructure projects.   Each country’s focus and policy affected the difference of the two country’s pension system Japan uses the Pay as you go system to show that they really want to participate in providing social security while Hong Kong uses the MPF system to distance itself and focus on things they believe are more important. Japan has a organized strategy on pension systems to make sure that the proper social policy that will be followed; Hong Kong has not given much focus on the Pension system.  Japan has limitations on private collections for pension systems. This shows that it really wants the pension system to work.  Hong Kong on the other hand gives more freedom for private firms to institute their own pension system so that they can concentrate on other issues.   Globalization and both welfare systems Recent fundamental changes in the global economy make world markets and transnational corporate players more powerful than nation states. They amount to a worldwide trend toward privatization and anti-statism. Instead, the international market for goods and capital are seen as the purveyors of not only healthy economies, but good governance and satisfied citizenries. To be sure, various dislocations will occur and there will be clear winners and losers but, ultimately, in this vision, the neo liberal process will triumph. Economic globalization represents a major transformation in the territorial organization of key economic sectors. To what extent it also represents a possible transformation in the structures of politico-economic power is a difficult and controversial question (Smith, Solinger & Topik 1999). The major dynamics at work in the global economy contain the capacity to undo the particular form of the intersection of sovereignty and territory embedded in the modern state and the modern state system. But this may not necessarily mean that sovereignty is less of a feature of the international system. Rather, it may signal the relocation of some components of national state sovereignty onto supranational authorities or privatized corporate systems (Smith, Solinger & Topik 1999). Together with the increasing opportunities that globalization offers borrowers, investors, and financial intermediaries has come a series of challenges to the internal sovereignty of national governments and in particular their regulatory authorities. Some argue that financial integration is causing governments to lose power over their own economies. Not only do the growing powers of national and international bond markets limit the flexibility of governments to chart independent fiscal and monetary policies, but governments also find themselves more constrained in what they can spend, as raising money is not as straightforward as it once was. Moreover, financial integration and footloose capital have combined to make taxation an international rather than a domestic issue (Reinicke 1998). Not only is it difficult to determine where a global company should be taxed; even in cases where jurisdiction can be agreed on, many companies are easily able to reshuffle their tax liabilities from countries with higher to those with lower rates of taxation (Reinicke 1998). Like what globalization does to businesses and countries, it may force a singular system for pension and welfare systems. Globalization may create the need for a unitary pension system that will dictate the contribution and benefits of all employees. This will not be a good thing for employees because this will force them to pay higher fees.   Conclusion Pensions are used to give finances to individuals after they reach a certain retiring age. Pensions ensure that one will have sources of income after they have stopped working. There are different systems for pension payments. Each country has a pension system that offers something different. Hong Kong and Japan has pension systems that have similarities and difference. Hong Kong and Japan’s main focus affects their social policy to the extent that the similarities or differences of their pension policy will depend on their focus.   References Bodie, Z, Mitchell, OS & Turner, JA (eds.) 1996, Securing employer-based pensions: An international perspective, The Pension Research Council, Philadelphia.   Cornwell, c, Dorsey, S & Macpherson, D 1998, Pensions and productivity, W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Kalamazoo, MI   Dalton, T, Smyth, P & Watts, R 2006, Talking policy: How social policy is made, Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest, N.S.W.   Davis, EP 1997, Pension funds: Retirement-income security and capital markets an international perspective, Clarendon Press, Oxford.   Ihori, T & Tachibanaki, T (eds.) 2002, Social security reform in advanced countries: Evaluating pension finance, Routledge, New York.   Leibfried, S & Pierson, P (eds.) 1995, European social policy: Between fragmentation and integration, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC.   Pierson, P (ed.) 2001, The new politics of the welfare state, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.   Ramesh, M 2003, Social policy in East and Southeast Asia: Education, health, housing and income maintenance, RoutledgeCurzon, New York.   Reinicke, WH 1998, Global public policy: Governing without government?, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC.   Smith, DA, Solinger, DJ & Topik, SC 1999, States and sovereignty in the global economy, Routledge, London.   Sparkes, R 2002, Socially responsible investment: A global revolution, Wiley, New York.   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Comparison of the Pension System of Hong Kong and Japan

Introduction Pension funds have a pervasive influence on the economy, affecting in particular the maturity and, to some degree, the magni...

Jane Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility and Ang Lee’s film adaptation of Austen’s novel: A Comparative Essay

Jane Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility and Ang Lee’s film adaptation of Austen’s novel             Sense and Sensibility is commonly being analyzed, as clearly symbolized by such comparison of its organization and context through the novel version by Jane Austen and in film by Ang Lee and there has been strong influence on the characters such as Elinor and Marianne Dashwood, the character qualities thus assume sense allowing reason, responsibility as well as precise headed concern for other welfare of the characters. In the novel, there is ample focus on the characterization of Elinor from which there conceals her regard for Edward Ferrars, as her sister openly and unashamedly proclaiming passion for John Willoughby as the novel astounds to attitude when it comes to love, how love was expressed from certain temperament of the character.               Indeed, Austen wrote the novel around the era of Classicism and Romanticism as Elinor represents the characteristics associated with eighteenth-century neo-classicism, including rationality, insight, judgment, moderation as well as balance. She never loses sight of propriety, economic practicalities and perspective, as when she reminds Marianne that their mother would not be able to afford a pet horse. Thus, Austen gestures toward her predecessors and acknowledges the influence of their legacy on her generation (Austen, 2004 or. 1811). The depiction of characters reflects the changing literary landscape that served as a backdrop for the author’s life. The novel did not attract critical attention but, help to establish a masterpiece.               Meanwhile, the novel was adopted by Ang Lee and being adopted into the big screen under Columbia Pictures which become a popular film ever made and produced, if the novel there was reasoning power thus, there was poetic and moving film by the collaboration between Emma Thompson and Ang Lee and being considered as the best adaptations of Austen novel ever filmed. Emma Thompson plays as Eleanor having strong sense whose passionate feelings for an otherwise engaged man are kept strictly under control through most of the film (Bloomfield, 2007). There providing of subtle sense of the characters placed by Austen and Lee as there underlies the value of romantic relationships as well as the respect found within the family foundation. Moreover, if Jane Austen captivates a soulful touch in her writings of the novel and how she brought a great mind of integrity and passion within the characters then, Ang Lee have a powerful vision that elevates the film’s context and stature, as Lee’s direction lifts what could have been an enjoyable and well-played period piece into a whole new realm, as Lee doesn’t hurry to the usual set-piece shots of costume drama as the film provides some thought provoking passages on the emotional processes as well as feminist issues from within Sense and Sensibility.                                   Furthermore, Lee captures Austen’s character well in the movie through presenting well the elements of love, passion and tingling emotions as put into reality base cycles and brought characters into life and candid ways wherein visualization of the story is being seen in diverse angles. Ang Lee did so probably because Lee exemplifies a true enigmatic knowledge and camera centered talent and prowess for example, in terms of bringing sense and sensibility into the hearts of the viewers allowing an ideal sensation of characters flow from beyond the boundaries of time and endless knowing. Nonetheless, Austen shows the extent of character transformation as Austen writes, the character as born to discover the falsehood of her own opinions, and to counteract by her conduct her most favorite maxims and because of Austen’s great faith in the ability of the individual to remake herself in light of shifting circumstances, affirming the mutual respect and affection, which has kept the characters close of happy lives despite societal and financial constraints. On the other side, Lee had kept an eye out for the comedic possibilities in any situation, assisted by a highly skilled cast of actors, which, down to the most briefly seen supporting player, collectively seems to understand the wit and high spirits of the approach. There arguably no better choice suited to recreate Austen’s novel of impulse and reason, Lee’s experience in family dramas and comedies offered a foundation for his exploration of the family dynamics affecting Austen’s characters – Dashwood sisters (Bloomfield, 2007)..               In addition, Lee’s film frequently touched on the conflicting tensions between ‘sense’ and ‘sensibility’, free will versus responsibility to others, fulfillment of personal desires versus society’s moral values. Lee did not overtly infuse external materials such as anachronistic language and contemporaneous concerns into the proceedings. Instead, there participate in a sensitive analysis of woman’s societal role within the constrictions of Austen’s era (Austen, 1811). Thus, Austen’s overarching themes of sense and sensibility remain intact. Therefore, there had faithfully observes the restrictions accorded to a woman’s autonomy and the separation between romance and material survival during nineteenth time. Lee maintains rich emphasis on replicating the period, mixture of elegant and demure costumes, the social politics and the damp verdant topiary. Unlike in his other film, Lee’s film does not give into the temptation to indulge in bombast and stuffiness and Austen’s mood were sweeping and not being too bearing.       Austen, J. (1811), Sense and Sensibility. Nalanda Digital Library, Regional Engineering College. Calicut India   Austen, J. (2004), Sense and Sensibility, e-books at Adelaide. The University of Adelaide Library   Bloomfield, J. (2007), Sense and Sensbility on Film Emma Thompson and Ang Lee’s Adptation of Jane Austen’s Classic. September 1, 2007   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Jane Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility and Ang Lee’s film adaptation of Austen’s novel: A Comparative Essay

Jane Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility and Ang Lee’s film adaptation of Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility is commonly ...

Jane Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility and Ang Lee’s film adaptation of Austen’s novel: A Comparative Essay

Jane Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility and Ang Lee’s film adaptation of Austen’s novel: A Comparative Essay

Jane Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility and Ang Lee’s film adaptation of Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility is commonly ...