Research Articles Base: Genting Case Study Analysis

Shaping the business and operations of Sands Casino Macau

Sands Casino Macau: A Case Study   Introduction             Macau is considered as the Las Vegas of Asia. The Casino industry in Macau is a big industry and it continues to grow. In the third quarter of 2006 Macau had become the world’s biggest gaming center with gross revenues from gaming exceeding those of Las Vegas by US3 million (2007). The Casino industry is truly flourishing in Macau. As a result, more and more people are attracted to work in Casinos.   Research Method Secondary Research             The researcher conducted a secondary research in order to gather information about the topic. The research conducted on the casino industry in Macau and the other resource materials such as books, magazines, journal articles and internet resources were used to form the report. Using the said resources, the researcher was able to form an idea regarding the current state of the casino industry in Macau as well as the future prospects of the industry. The researcher gathered information from the following resources: Search Engines             The internet played a vital role in the research. The researcher used the internet to gather information about the casino industry in Macau, the different hotels and the strategies that each chain group employs. The researcher made used of the following search engines  . Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia was also consulted. Published Materials             The researcher also used a wide range of research materials. The materials used were books, journals, magazines and newspapers. These resources have helped the researcher in accomplishing the paper.   Macau: Asia’s Gambling Capital             Macau represents a mixture of eastern and western cultures. Macau represents one of the first and most enduring encounters between China and Europe. Throughout the years, Macau has undergone big changes until it reached its present status as the gambling capital of the East.             In 2002, the government of Macau made a decision that was to have enormous consequences for the former Portuguese colony. Macau is a well-established gambling destination and the only place in China where the pastime is legal. In 2002, the government decided to put an end to a 45-year gambling monopoly held by Hong Kong entrepreneur, Stanley Ho, and open up the lucrative industry to the world.             This move has opened doors of opportunity for Western Gambling tycoons who wasted no time to enter the Macau gambling industry. After the government of Macau liberalized the gaming market in 2002, it awarded licenses to three consortia: Societies de Jogos de Macau (linked to Ho), Wynn Resorts, Galaxy Casino Company and Las Vegas Sands Corporation (LVSC). Less than two years later, –the man behind the famous Venetian complex in Las Vegas and the chairman of LVSC–opened the Sands Macau Casino. The territory’s first Western-style casino, the Sands boasts 438 gambling tables, 921 slot machines (known locally as hungry tigers), the world’s largest chandelier and, like almost all the casinos, 24-hour opening. This marble and neon edifice attracts around 20,000 customers a day (2006).             Las Vegas Sands Corporation             Las Vegas Sands Corp. and its subsidiaries own and operate The Venetian Resort Hotel Casino, The Palazzo Resort Hotel Casino, The Sands Expo and Convention Center and The Congress Center in Las Vegas, Nevada, and the Sands Macau and The Venetian Macau Resort Hotel in Macau, China (Las Vegas Sands Corp 2007).   Sands Casino Macau             Sands Macau, the first Las Vegas-style casino in the territory is owned and operated by Las Vegas Sands Macau Corporation. The Sands Macau can be found near the Macau-Hong Kong Ferry Terminal on a waterfront parcel centrally located between the Gonbei border gate and the central business district. Sands Macau is able to access a large customer base because of its strategic position. Because of its location, Sands Macau can attract Macau’s visitors who enter the territory by ferry. The visitor numbers entering Macau by ferry reached 9 million in 2007, providing the Casino with a lucrative customer base. The Sands Macao includes approximately 229,000 square feet of gaming space and currently has approximately 630 table games and 1,350 slot machines or similar electronic gaming devices. The Sands Macao also includes several restaurants, a spacious Paiza Club offering services and amenities to premium customers, luxurious VIP suites and spa facilities, private VIP gaming room facilities, a theater and other high-end services and amenities.             The Sands Casino in Macau was the first substantial casino in Asia when it opened in May 2004. Built in the style of the well-known leisure centers of Las Vegas in the United States, Sands casino comprises a leisure complex, various restaurants and bars and plentiful gambling opportunities within a stunning architectural setting.             Sands Macau is the first American-operated gaming facility to open in Macau, Special Administrative Region of The People’s Republic of China. The region’s economy has been growing at an impressive rate. Travel rates have exploded in recent years and indications suggest that these numbers will continue to rise. Sands Macau is the first property in Macau from developer Las Vegas Sands Corporation and was designed to appeal to the growing tourism market in the territory, recreating the glitter and glamour of Las Vegas while adding the unique oriental atmosphere in keeping with the culture of the region.     Industry Analysis             Macau is regarded as the largest and fastest-growing gaming market in the world and benefits from being the only market in China to offer legalized casino gaming. In 2002, the government of Macau decided to put a stop to the monopolistic form of its gaming industry. It announced its plan to open up the gaming industry and subsequently announced three winners out of eighteen candidates bidding for new gaming licenses. The winners were: 1. Sociedad de Jogoes de Macau (SJM), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the former monopolist.  2. Wynn Resorts from the United States 3. Galaxy, a joint venture of a Hong Kong firm, Galaxy, and the Venetian from the United States.             As a result, the monopolistic structure of the industry, in existence for more than sixty years formally terminated. This move was partly due to the economic instability. Looking at the period before the changes in the industry structure, it was observed that whenever there were crucial policy changes by either Hong or the Mainland government, Macao’s casino industry would always simply react passively by either taking advantage or shouldering part of the costs brought about by the changes. Macao’s casino industry was also vulnerable to the changes in the economic policy that Hong Kong or the mainland introduce. For example when the Hong Kong community proposed to the Hong Kong SAR government in 1999 to explore the possibility of legalizing casino gaming as a way to cope with structural changes and the downturn of the Hong Kong economy since 1997, Macao’s community and gaming industry were shaken. The sense of anxiety flourished because Hong Kong had long been the prime source of customers of Macao’s casino industry ( 2006).             Sands Macau, touted as the first Las Vegas-style casino opened in 2004. In 2007, gaming revenues in Macau reached a record .3 billion, a 46 percent increase over 2006. Visits also increased up to 22.7 percent in 2007. According to Macau government statistics, during 2007, 21.4 percent of visitors traveling to Macau stayed overnight in hotels and guestrooms and, for those who stayed overnight in hotels and guestrooms, the average length of stay was between 1 and 2 nights. This figures are expected to increase in the coming years as casinos expand their gaming and non-gaming amenities including retail, entertainment, meeting and convention facility offerings, and the addition of deluxe hotel resort accommodations in Macau.   Customer Analysis             Majority, if not all, of customers that visit Macau’s casinos are tourists. Approximately 1.0 billion people are estimated to live within a three-hour flight from Macao and approximately 3.0 billion people are estimated to live within a five-hour flight from Macao. According to Macau government statistics, 85.4 percent of the tourist who visited Macau in 2007 came from Hong Kong or mainland China and the dominant feeder markets to Macau have been, and continue to be, Hong Kong and China. Although the total number of visitors from Hong Kong continues to grow, that market has shrunk as a percentage of the total visitor distribution from 44.2 percent in 2002 to 30.3 percent in 2007, while visitors from mainland China made up 55.1 percent of total visitors to Macau in 2007. Until recently, mainland Chinese were permitted to visit Macao only as part of a tour group. Now that these travel restrictions have eased for mainland Chinese from most urban centers and economically developed regions, individual travel to Macao is expected to increase, generating increased demand for casino offerings.             Gaming customers from Hong Kong, southeast China, Taiwan and other locations in Asia can reach Macau in a relatively short period of time, using a variety of methods of transportation, and visitors from more distant locations in Asia can take advantage of short travel times by air to Macau, Zhuhai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou or to Hong Kong (followed by a road, ferry or helicopter trip to Macau). In addition, numerous carriers fly directly into Macau International Airport from many major cities in Asia. The relatively easy access from major population centers promotes Macau as a popular gaming destination in Asia.   Competitor Analysis             Gaming in Macau is administered through government-sanctioned concessions awarded to three different concessionaires and three sub concessionaires, of  which Sands is one. The Macau government is precluded by contract form granting any additional gaming concessions until 2009. In addition, the current laws only permit the Macau government to grant additional gaming concessions before 2009. If the Macao government were to allow additional competitors to operate in Macao through the grant of additional concessions or sub concessions, Sands Macau would face additional competition, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.   1. SJM             SJM, controlled by , holds one of the three concessions and currently operates 19 facilities throughout Macao. Historically, SJM was the only gaming operator in Macao, with over 40 years of operating experience in Macao. Many of its 19 casinos are relatively small facilities that are offered as amenities in hotels; however, a number are large operations enjoying significant recognition by gaming customers in the marketplace. SJM was obligated to invest at least approximately 4.7 billion patacas (approximately 4.6 million at exchange rates in effect on December 31, 2007) by March 31, 2009, under its concession agreement with the government of Macao. SJM’s projects include the Grand Lisboa; the Fisherman’s Wharf entertainment complex, which opened in December 2005; and other projects. In addition, MGM MIRAGE has entered into a joint venture agreement with Stanley Ho’s daughter, Pansy Ho Chiu-king, to develop, build and operate two major hotel/casino resorts in Macao. In April 2005,MGMGrand Paradise Limited obtained a sub concession allowing it to conduct gaming operations in Macao. The MGM Grand Macau opened in December 2007 and features approximately 600 rooms, 375 table games, 900 slot machines, restaurants and entertainment amenities. 2. Galaxy Casino Company Limited             Galaxy holds a concession and has the ability to operate casino properties independent of us. Galaxy was obligated to invest at least 4.4 billion patacas (approximately 7.3 million at exchange rates in effect on December 31, 2007) by June 2012 under its concession agreement with the government of Macao. Galaxy currently operates five casinos in Macao, including StarWorld Hotel, which opened in October 2006 and has over 500 hotel rooms and a 140,000 square foot gaming floor with approximately 260 table games and 500 slot machines. 3. Wynn Resorts S. A.             Wynn Macau, a subsidiary of Wynn Resorts Limited, holds the third concession. Wynn Macau opened in September 2006 and expanded the property in late 2007. Wynn Macau now includes an approximately 600-room hotel, a casino and other non-gaming amenities. In 2006,Wynn Macau sold its sub concession right under its gaming concession to an affiliate of Publishing and Broadcasting Limited (“PBL”). The sub concession right permitted the PBL affiliate to receive a gaming sub concession from the Macao government. In May 2007, a PBL affiliate opened the Crown Macau, which includes an approximately 216-room hotel, a casino and other non-gaming amenities.     PEST Analysis             Porter identified the five forces model of competitive strategy. He identified the five forces as: 1. Competition among existing firms – this is the natural competitive rivalry, which exists between the various business operating within the industry market place. 2. Threat of new entrants – this is the potential likelihood of, and ease of, entry for new firm into the market. 3. Threat of substitute products or services – this is where a product or service, perhaps produced through a different technology, enters the market. Sands Macau faces competition from casinos located in other areas of Asia, such as the major gaming and resort destination Genting Highlands Resort, located outside of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and casinos in South Korea and the Philippines, as well as pachinko and pachinslot in Japan (2007). 4. Bargaining power of suppliers – this examines the relationship between businesses in the industry and the suppliers to those businesses. Where the suppliers have a unique or restricted availability product they can exert a strong influence over process and conditions of supply, therefore potentially putting pressures on the businesses purchasing their product/services. 5. Bargaining power of buyers – this examines the relationship between businesses in the industry and the customers of those businesses. The purpose is to identify the relative strength of the business in the customer relationship ( 1998).   1. Competition among existing firms – the growing casino and hotel industry in Macau, Hong Kong, Singapore and the rest of Asia presents a fierce competition among the existing firms in the region. Sands Macau faces competition among other casinos both locally and regionally. In the hotel and casino industry gaining and maintaining customer loyalty is very difficult. There are a lot of choices and customers can switch brands quickly. Moreover, every hotel and casino offers enticing packages and promos making strong positioning difficult for every hotel and casino. 2. Threat of New Entrants – The fierce competition among existing hotels and casinos is further intensified by the entrance of new players. Since the opening of the Macau casino market in 2002, many local and international organizations have expressed interest in developing casinos in the territory. Joint ventures, mergers and collaborations are common. Local organizations are partnering with giant groups in order to establish deluxe casinos in Macau. 3. Threat of substitute products or services – many facilities, services and technologies are being introduced. There is also a threat that consumers are attracted by different destinations in Asia that offer similar products or services as well as substitutes. One example is Singapore, which is also developing its hotel and casino market in order to attract visitors. 4. Bargaining power of suppliers – Sands Macau is able to develop a strong relationship with its suppliers. The casino collaborates with different suppliers. 5. Bargaining power of consumers – Sands Macau has revolutionized the gaming industry in Macau. It introduced different innovations and changes in order to attract more customers. The customers have a strong bargaining power. SWOT Analysis             SWOT (Strengths and Weaknesses, and Opportunities and Threats) is a basic analytical tool in management that has become popular in recent years. SWOT analysis is often used by strategic planners and top management in developing competitive strategies. It is typically used to decide corporate strategies and to make product or market level analyses (1994). SWOT is a widely used thinking framework for identifying Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. It enables key factors to be visibly recorded as a high-level summary of a business. SWOT analysis is a summary that is simple but powerful. It also enables a judgment to be made about aspects of the external business environment, which can affect the performance of the business, through looking at the Opportunities and Threats it faces in the wider world (1998). Strengths 1. Quality Products and Services – Sands Macau is committed to product and services. 2. First Mover/Innovator – Sands Macau is seen as an innovator in terms of amenities, facilities, designs, technology and products.         Weaknesses 1. Unable to Maintain Leadership Position – Because of intense competition Sands Macau cannot maintain its leadership position in the casino industry. Opportunities 1. Development of the Cotai Strip – The Cotai Strip in Macau is being further developed as a business district where hotels, casinos and other establishments can be accommodated. This offers new opportunities for Las Vegas Sands Corporation to expand its businesses in Macau. 2. Increase in Visitors – Macau is experiencing a steady growth of visitor numbers. Threats 1. Political, Social and Economic Changes – political, social and economic developments in Macau, particularly the changes in policies of the governments or changes in laws and regulations or their interpretations may adversely affect the company’s operations and cash flows. 2. Intense Competition – the hotel, resort and casino businesses are highly competitive. Sands Macau current competes with numerous other casinos located in Macau. In addition, it is expected that the competition will increase in the near future from local and foreign casino operators. Sands Macau will also compete to some extent with casinos located elsewhere in Asia, such as Malaysia’s Genting Highlands, as well as gaming venues in Australia, New Zealand and elsewhere in the world, including Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand and other gaming centers worldwide. 3. Typhoon and Other Natural Disasters – Macau us susceptible to severe typhoons that may disrupt operations. Macau consist of peninsula and two islands off the coast of mainland China. On some occasions, typhoons have caused a considerable amount of damage to Macau’s infrastructure and economy. In the event of a major typhoon or other natural disaster in Macau, Sands may be severely disrupted and the results of operation could be adversely affected. Porter’s Five Forces A PEST analysis looks at the Political, Economic, Social and Technological drivers of a particular industry. PEST are external factors that must be analyzed and understood in order for an organization to succeed. The PEST analysis focuses on the external forces that affects the organization. It is most useful when used together with other tools such as the SWOT analysis. Political Factors             Political factors play an important role in shaping the businesses and operations of Sands Macau. The casino is subject to local laws and regulations. Changes in the laws and regulations may affect the business. In Macau, tax laws and regulations may be subject to amendment or different interpretation and implementation, thereby affecting the profitability of Sands Macau after tax.             The activities of Sands Macau are subject to administrative review and approval by various government agencies. Sands Macau’s sub concession arrangements with Galaxy can be terminated by the government. In the event that the sub concession is terminated, Sands Macau would be prohibited from conducting gaming operations. Economic Factors             Significant number of Sands Macau’s consumers come from China, general economic conditions and policies in China could have significant impact on the financial prospects of the casino. Any slowdown in economic growth or reversal of China’s current policies of liberalizing restrictions on travel and currency movements could adversely impact the number of visitors from China to Macau as well as the amounts they are willing to spend at Sands Macau.             The revenues of Sands Macau are dominated in patacas, the legal currency pf Macau, and Hong Kong dollars. Although currently permitted, there is no assurance that patacas will continue to be freely exchangeable into US dollars. Also, because the currency market for patacas is relatively small and underdeveloped, the casino’s ability to convert large among of patacas into US dollars over a relatively short period may be limited. Sociological Factors             The government requires casinos and other establishments to employ locals. The casino relies heavily on the local labor market. The strength of the casino’s labor force is affected by factors such as the education and skill levels of the labor force. The increase mobility of mainland China and Hong Kong residents affect the strength of Macau’s tourism. Technological Factors The rapid development and wide adoption of digital technology in Macau has lead to great changes in the hospitality and tourism industry. Because of the advancements in technology, physical distance has lesser effect on tourists. Telecommunications and transportation become more efficient and less expensive. Distance is bridged even further using the Internet. Technology allows tourists to book hotel accommodations and air tickets online. Electronic brochures are now widely used in the promotion of trade fairs and travel products.   Competitive Advantages         Competitive advantage can be considered as a condition, which facilitates more efficient operation and higher quality products and/or services for an organization. Michael Porter considers an organization where earning exceeds cost as an organization that achieved competitive advantage. Competitive advantage in Porter’s perspective is being able increase earnings despite the competitive pressures. Major Functions and Support Functions             The value chain is a model that describes a series of value-adding activities connecting a company’s supply side with its demand side. According to  (1996) by analyzing the stages of a value chain, the organization is able to redesign its internal and external processes to improve efficiency and effectiveness. The value-adding functions of a firm is divided into two – major and support. The major functions are operations; marketing; accounting and finance; and product service development. The support functions human resource management; purchasing; and technical function. In order for an organization to achieve competitive advantage, all functions must be related to each other. 1. First Las-Vegas Style Casino in Macau             The Sands Macau was the pioneer in transforming the face of gaming in Macau with its lavish interiors and a choice of games pitched at a wider segment of gamblers. In the past, visitors to Macau’s casinos frequently complained about cramped environments, smoke-filled tables and indifferent servers. The sands Macau has raised standards by offering luxury, comfort, service and spacious gaming areas (Silk Road 2006). 2. Advertising and Marketing             Sands Macau advertises in many types of media, including television, newspapers, magazines and billboards, to promote general market awareness of its properties as unique vacation, business and convention destinations. Sands Macau actively engages in direct marketing, which are targeted at specific market segments, including premium slot and table games markets.   Target Marketing             Through target marketing, Sands Macau focuses its advertising and marketing efforts on its target market segments. Target marketing requires an ability to: <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="circle"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%">Find the key characteristics that break a market into relevant ‘actionable segments’</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%">Identify and quantify which customers fall into which segments</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%">Target the best segments most likely to give the best results</li> </ul>   3. Human Resources             The success of Sands Macau in large part depends upon its ability to attract, retain, train, manage and motivate skilled employees. The company’s human resources are considered as one of the sources of competitive advantage.             Human resources or human capital is the intangible resources of abilities, effort, and time that workers bring to invest in their work (1999). The people at Sands Macau are the major contributors of strategic capability to the company. One of the advantages of Sands Macau over its competitors is the quality of service that the staff provide to its customers. Service has a big impact on the customers’ perceptions about the company’s product. Because of the importance of its people, Sands Macau formulated an employee development strategy through proper and effective training. This strategy is expected to strengthen Sands Macau’s position in the marketplace.  Employee development can be an essential ingredient of an organization’s competitive advantage. Employee development includes all of the education and training that organizations might invest in their employees such as training employees to perform effectively in their current jobs, orienting employees to the workplace, developing them for advanced positions or programs, and building organizational capability for future success.             One of the keys to successful competition in the global market is the effective deployment of human resources to achieve strategic capability and competitive advantage.  Human resources as an internal resource of a firm are one of the sources of strategic capability (2001). Human resources are among the top contributors to Sands Macau’s strategic capability. Effective management of an organization’s human resources according to  (2002) is a major source of competitive advantage and may even be the single most important determinant of an organization’s performance over the long term.           Strong Brand             Applying marketing strategies to a specific product, product line, or brand is called Brand Management. Brand management is the application of marketing techniques to a specific product, product line, or brand. Brand management aims to increase the perceived value of the product to the customer, thereby increase brand franchise, and brand equity. Brand is seen as a promise that the level of quality people expect from a brand will develop customer loyalty. The amount of profit that is generated by a brand determines its value. Brand management starts with understanding what “brand” really means. This starts with the leaders of the company and especially to the people who interface with customers or who create the products that customers use. Strategic Brand Management involves the design and implementation of marketing programs and activities to build, measure, and manage brand equity. These concepts and techniques are to improve the long-term profitability of the brand. Brand Management focuses on targeting the right consumers, awareness of the competition, the need for marketplace credibility for the offering and clearly defined benefits to the consumer. The benefits your brand represent to consumers may trigger emotional feelings that can motivate them to consider your brand as superior to your competitors’. The benefits themselves have to be credible and presented in language that consumers understand.             One of the group’s strategies is to build a strong brand. Differentiation is accomplished by building a strong brand that creates brand equity. Brand equity produces value to the customer. Brand equity causes brand loyalty among customers. The group (Las Vegas Sands) has been in the business for a long time. The group is able to develop a strong brand that serves as one of its competitive advantages. Because of the strong brand, the group is able to keep its customers. The service providers – all the staff are trained in order to maintain the quality of service. The Group obliges every staff to adhere to the standards in service, product quality, design, construction and operation. The management ensures that opportunities for training, development and continuous learning is available for everyone.              Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Shaping the business and operations of Sands Casino Macau

Sands Casino Macau: A Case Study Introduction Macau is considered as the Las Vegas of Asia. The Casino industry in Macau ...

An investigation of gender disparity in educational institutes of Pakistan

Unfortunately, the gender disparity has been further affected by politics.   The Taliban enforcement on the complete ban on female education in the Swat district, as reported in a January 21, 2009 issue of the Pakistan daily newspaper The News. Some 400 private schools enrolling 40,000 girls have been shut down. At least 10 girls’ schools that tried to open after the January 15, 2009 deadline by the Taliban were blown up by the militants in the town of Mingora, the headquarters of the Swat district. “More than 170 schools have been bombed or torched, along with other government-owned buildings.” (Gender disparity.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan , retrieved 2 April 2011.) Education in Pakistan is overseen by the Ministry of Education.   Academic institutions are the responsibilities of the provincial governments.  The federal government  assists in the curriculum development, accreditation and the financing of research.    There have been positive changes and through the ensuing years the female to male ratio of enrollment has improved. The group of Dr. Irshad Hussain, Muhammad Safdar, Dr. Muhammad Aslam Adeeb, and Miss Sabiha Hameed Rahmanai studied the role of distance education in addressing the issue of gender disparity in Pakistan.  “gender disparity in Pakistan. The study aimed to (a). analyze the present situation of gender disparity in education sector at different levels in Pakistan. (b).  examine the role of distance education in eliminating gender discrimination in Pakistan. (c). evaluate the impact of distance education on gender empowerment. (d) identify the problems in addressing gender issues through distance education in Pakistan. (e). suggest an appropriate strategy for eliminating gender disparity through distance education in Pakistan. This study was conducted in Multan, Bahawalpur and Dera Ghazi Khan Regions. The study consisted on three populations: (i). B.A level female students, (ii). their parents and (iii). academicians of Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad. Researchers adopted stratified sampling technique for collecting data from students & their parents and administrators/tutors. The researchers used questionnaires (for 600 students, 60 parents and 60 administrators/tutors) developed on five point rating (likert) scale and semi-structured interview schedules as research tools to collect data. Researchers interviewed 60 students, 15 parents and 15 administrators/tutors (20 students, five parents and five administrators/tutors from each region respectively). The data collected was analyzed through quantitative (mean score) as well as qualitative approaches. The data supported by the interviews were analyzed and included in the tables. The study concluded that distance education is being extensively used in Pakistan. It provides equal opportunities to all individuals of the society to “Education for All”. It is feasible for female population catering their academic needs particularly those of the culturally restricted areas. It is an appropriate strategy to address the issue of gender discrimination in Pakistan.” (Adeeb, Dr. Muhammad Aslam; Hussain, Dr. Irshad; Rahmanai, Miss Sabiha Hameed; and Safdar, Muhammad.  [electronic version] Distance education as a strategy for eliminating gender disparity in Pakistan. https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwikieducator.org%2Fimages%2F8%2F86%2FPID_609.pdf , retrieved 2 April 2011.) Dr. Hussain’s group came to the conclusion that via distance education it is feasible to provide education to the female population even in the culturally restricted sectors where women are not allowed to go out of their homes, i.e. the tribal areas of the North West Frontier Province (NWFP), Balochistan, Sindh and southern Punjab.  Distance education through its unique instructional strategies allows the educational needs of the society to be fulfilled on an equal basis and at the same time frees the students from time and place restrictions.  The “Education for all” adage of distance education is a suitable method to address the gender discrimination in Pakistan. Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

An investigation of gender disparity in educational institutes of Pakistan

Unfortunately, the gender disparity has been further affected by politics. The Taliban enforcement on the complete ban on female educat...

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