Research Articles Base: Research Instrument

The Researched Study used Descriptive form of Sample Research that is first Hand and Based on the Actual Observations

CHAPTER THREE     RESEARCH METHODOLOGY         The researched study used descriptive form of research that is first hand and based on the actual observations by researcher (1994 p. 221), qualitative and quantitative data will be taken to ensure that the analysis will be well covered. The primary research instrument will use questionnaires given to the selected respondents. The secondary data are from articles and journals tackling advertising theories, web marketing and buzz marketing techniques. The descriptive method are then reflected through case study examples that is gathered by review of related studies from various academic journals and that through such case study findings within its critical evaluation analysis will provide valid information regarding such marketing ways and principles within the world wide web respectively. The study determined factors that resulted to certain profound and positive outcomes effects signaling good channels for advertisements and marketing approaches geared online – something that internet, the world wide web takes power and control as there indicates the dependent variable which involves web preferences within the process of using such buzz marketing methods while the independent variables are the attributes of respondents like age, sex and position and other important details.    These are rather personal and given without relation to the product in question and that, there should be intervening variables such as marketing mix and position principles to the advertising style being used in using the internet as the main medium for such operations, the diagram below shows the flow: Research Design This study will identify factors that made the internet shift its advertising and marketing ways and employing the use of case study analysis to fully view the factors that have part in making the World Wide Web function into buzz marketing approaches. For example, the conduction of case analysis of particular company to be able to evaluate its standing and be able to see if there can arrive at useful conclusion as the strategists then. Research concerning the needs and internet views of potential customers can possibly be valuable source of information for qualitative forecasting. Information as to product and service advantages and disadvantages as well as possible modifications should be constantly monitored. In addition, this approach can be used to compare the web site’s offerings with that of the many competitors (2002 p. 786). Time series methods are statistical techniques that make use of historical data accumulated over a period of time. Time series methods assume that what has occurred in the past will continue to occur in the future. Time series methods include moving averages, exponential smoothing, and linear trend lines. They are among the most popular methods used for short-range forecasting. Causal models are another type of quantitative forecasting methods. These are also known as associative models. The forecaster attempts to use another independent variable with which demand, the dependent variable, has shown a strong past relationship (2002 p. 792). This model offer leading indicators of future trends. Primary and secondary data has been utilized in n this research study. Primary data may consist of the data gathered which would be about the world wide web figures within its advertising and marketing advent as to while secondary date may be about its updated set of figures as it employed various marketing approaches using the internet as a medium of operation to explain the relevance as well as its effectiveness to the continuous success internet web applications and processes within the society as the data gathered came from accepted studies and reviews being gathered upon on case analysis and by the use of questionnaire.     Primary data will be consisted the answers to the questionnaires of the samples while secondary data will be consisted the research done by the researcher including interviews held to compile pertinent information about the problem of the study. Quantitative and qualitative data will be analyzed.  Quantitative will be sourced to the primary data gathered and will be undergone into compilation, frequencies, percentages and determination of relationships under the SPAS program. Qualitative data came from the open-ended questions in the questionnaire that will reflect the personal opinions of respondents not included in the selection.  This data will be significant when quantitative data is discovered to have deviations from hypothesized variables data gathered should be categorized accordingly to when they occurred and to which reorganization efforts they belong to. Also, the data gathered about the problems and factors causing the change should also be grouped together accordingly. When accomplished well, this can pivot the movement for further research about the research substance and its relevance. The data gathered will be tallied by the researcher and will be encoded in the computer and hard copy will be printed to ensure that files are kept including the questionnaire responses of the sample.  Frequencies will be computed into percentages and will be presented through graphs, tables and textual arrangements. The latter will clarify the graphs and tables.  Data will undergo such statistical interpretation that has to be backed up with appropriate knowledge organization and discussions in determining causal relationships of the variables.  Such data will form the heart of the findings of the study and will indicate the applicability of the research. The questionnaire procedure must be explained to the participants as reassurances must be made to them like their answers will be taken in anonymously and that their answers will remain between the participant and the interviewer. Also, questions that they think might not be appropriate for them to answer can be left out if they chose to. All of the activities during the interview will be of free will and their identity and their answers will be shrouded in secrecy.     The research process of the study can be best illustrated with the use of the ‘Research Process Onion’. The Onion refers that in order to come to the central issue of how to collect the data needed to answer ones research questions, there are important layers of the onion that need to be peeled away: the first layer raises the question of the research philosophy to adopt, the second considers the subject of research approach that flows from the research philosophy, the third examines the research strategy most applicable, the fourth layer refers to the time horizon a researcher applies to his research, and the fifth layer is the data collection methods to be used. (Saunders et al., 2003 p. 362). Figure one shows how the researcher conceptualized the research approach to be applied for the study in order to come up with the pertinent data needed to answer the research questions and arrived at the fulfillment of research objectives.     Figure One: Research Process Onion   Case study is defined as strategy for doing research that involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context with the utilization of various sources of evidence and that one has the considerable ability to generate answers where data collection methods applicable with such approach include questionnaires, interviews, observation and documentary analysis (Robson, 2002 p. 532; Saunders et al, 2003 p. 628). Furthermore, case studies are usually based on interviews conducted over short time (Saunders et al., 2003). Finally, the last layer of the research process onion is the data collection of the study. The questionnaire is designed  and created in order to empirically find out certain relevant information and evidences regarding buzz marketing strategies within the world wide web usage, the questionnaire are administered to group of respondents to complete and realize the purpose of questionnaire as there will have to investigate how advertising and marketing on the internet basis will have impact to web operation practices being set forth as to whatsoever results the case study and questionnaire will be giving respectively.       The association between market and cost efficiency scores were finally examined using rank correlation coefficients the rank correlations within each cluster gave positive association between web market and cost efficiencies (cluster I = 0.40, cluster 2 = 0.23, cluster 3 = 0.35, cluster 4 = 0.62, cluster 5 = 0.60, cluster 6 = 0.28). The rank correlations for web site efficiencies within each cluster were as follows (cluster 1 = 0.40, cluster 2 = 0.40, cluster 3 = 0.39, cluster 4 = 0.58, cluster 5 = 0.67, cluster 6 = 0.32). These results indicate the relatively high concordance between the ranks obtained in clusters 4 and 5 for both efficiencies while for the remaining clusters the ranks have not been very similar. The diversity between market and cost efficiency results indicate the importance of studying world wide web efficiency from different perspectives as it yield information regarding strengths and weaknesses of advertising as well as marketing online that concerns innovative sales of web products while the cost efficiency situation considers added output to having marketing transactions occurring in the internet.     Statistical analysis has shown that there are statistically significant differences between the returns to scale of each cluster on both market and cost efficiency assessments which reinforces the proposed methodology for clustering the network of bogs and sites. Thus, the characteristics indicate that the cost efficiency of online markets and advertising manner can be attributed to the cost of web quality that is expected in order to meet better internet service expectations of the end-users.                                 Timetable   Activity Month         Aug Sep Oct Nov Search for Related Literature         Selection of the  Topic         Definition of the Problem         Development of the Objectives         Selection of Methodology         Check the availability of resources         Verify the accessibility of the resources         Write the draft of the proposal         Prepare interview schedule         Secure adviser’s approval         Do the needed revisions         Test research tool validity         Select the study sample         Conduct research proper         Administer research tools         Do the assessment techniques         Gather and analyze results         Do the necessary data presentation         Interpret findings         Preparation of the final report         Formulation of conclusions and recommendations         Preparation of the table of content, appendices         Editing and Final Formatting         Printing         Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

The Researched Study used Descriptive form of Sample Research that is first Hand and Based on the Actual Observations

CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The researched study used descriptive form of research that is first hand and bas...

A New Approach to Rural Development: Adaptation of Austria’s Village Renewal to China

A New Approach to Rural Development: Adaptation of Austria’s Village Renewal to China 1.0 Title             The working title of the research was initially drafted as: A New Approach to Rural Development: Adaptation of Austria’s Village Renewal to China. This paper presents a proposal to research, explore and study the application of Village Renewal of Austria in Rural Development in China. In this proposal, the concepts and ideas about Village Renewal and Rural Development will be discussed briefly as well as the information about the implementation process of the study. 2.0 Background of the Study             Currently, China is undergoing massive changes in its economic performance and condition. China is considered as the fastest growing economy in the world, and considered as the third largest economy in the world after USA and Japan. This rise and growth is considered as phenomenon because the country can be considered as “sleeping” for a long time. One of the important strategies being implemented in the country is to improve the infrastructure and condition in the rural areas. This focuses on improving the living conditions in the rural areas, which consequently help in order to narrow the gap between the rural and urban lives (Holcim Foundation n.d.). With this, Beijing, China is considered as one of the first places in China where in Village Renewal was applied. Village renewal was adapted from Austria. The movement of Village Renewal is considered as a story of success in Lower Austria which started in 1984 with 4 pilot villages. Thus, currently, it is considered as the biggest initiative of the citizens that have existed in the country (Dorf & Stadt n.d.).             The main direction of Village Renewal in Lower Austria is to improve and strengthen the local communities. The participation of many members of the communities in the planning processes and the steps in implementing the plans help to improve the standard of quality of the projects together with the high level of acceptance from the citizens (Raumordnung-Noe n.d.).   3.0 Objectives of the Study             The main aim of the study is to evaluate and assess the application of Austria’s Village Renewal in China rural development in Beijing. In connection, the following are the specific objectives of the study: <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt"> 	 	to analyze the perceptions of the citizens towards Village Renewal;</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt"> 	 	to describe the advantages and benefits of Village Renewal for the citizens’ 	lives; and</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt"> 	 	to present the advantages and benefits of Village Renewal to the overall 	economic and social condition of the community.</li> </ul> On the other hand, the following are the hypotheses of the study: <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt"> 	 	Village Renewal helps to improve the overall infrastructure, structure and 	design of village in Beijing;</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt"> 	 	Village Renewal had helped the living conditions of citizens in terms of 	economic and social aspects; and</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt"> 	 	Village Renewal had helped to improve the cooperation and responsiveness of 	the citizens towards changes and development in the society.</li> </ul>                   4.0 Methodology 4.1 Data Collection             Survey questionnaire, interview and observation will be used in this study in order to gather primary data. This will focus on the perceptions, acceptance, benefits and advantages of Village Renewal based on the perspectives of the citizens. 4.2 Sample Frame             The sample frame of this study will be from one of the village in Beijing China. First, the name of individual villages will be listed in piece of paper, and based on this, the village where the study to be implemented will be drawn. Then 60% of the entire population (18 and above years old) will be surveyed and observed. 4.3 Data Analysis The data results of the study will be analyzed by determining their corresponding frequency, percentage and weighted mean. The following statistical formulas will be used:   1.         Percentage – to determine the magnitude of the responses to the questionnaire.             n % = ——– x 100            ;           n – number of responses             N                                  N – total number of respondents   2.         Weighted Mean             f1x1 + f2x2 + f3x3 + f4x4 + f5x5 x = ———————————————;                                     xt where: f – weight given to each response             x – number of responses             xt – total number of responses 4.4 Timetable 		  		 		June 		 		July 		 		August 		 		September 		 		1 		 		2 		 		3 		 		4 		 		5 		 		6 		 		7 		 		8 		 		Problem 		 		Identification 		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		Literature 		 		Review 		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		Research 		 		Design 		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		Choice of 		 		Methodology 		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		Data 		 		Sources 		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		Data 		 		Collection 		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		Data 		 		Analysis 		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		Writing up 		 		Draft 		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		Editing 		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		Final 		 		Document 		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		Binding of 		 		Document 		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		  		 		            5.0 References Dorf & Stadt, Village Renewal, http://www.dorf-stadterneuerung.at/ (Accessed on 15 June 2010). Holcim Foundation, Measuring Up to the Criteria of Sustainable Construction – “People”, http://www.holcimfoundation.org/ (Accessed on 15 June 2010). Raumordnung-Noe, Village Renewal in Lower Austria, http://www.raumordnung-noe.at/ (Accessed on 15 June 2010). Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

A New Approach to Rural Development: Adaptation of Austria’s Village Renewal to China

A New Approach to Rural Development: Adaptation of Austria’s Village Renewal to China 1.0 Title The working title o...

Research proposal on Adult Literacy: What is the correlation between the socio-economic status of minority women and adult literacy?

Adult Literacy: What is the correlation between the socio-economic status of minority women and adult literacy?   Introduction            It is a man’s nature to undergo learning as an essential process of survival. Robbins & Judge, (2007) believes the process of learning is fundamental to human life. The ability to learn differentiates human beings from the rest of creation. It is a distinct ability that constantly develops regardless of exceptional cases. Most, if not all, management experts consider that an organization can achieve competitive position in the niche market and global marketplace if there is a definite and appropriate management system and strategy that sustains its capabilities, strengths, and competitive position (Thompson & Strickland 2003). Allowing learning to take place within the bounds of the organization and its people is among the most valuable management strategies with lasting and proven effective impact. Today, the adult learning and education classes strive to grant adult learners an opportunity to use and apply what they have learned. It encourages the adult learners to think critically and to constantly redefine the content and process of the learning experience. Adult learning and education is also expected to heighten individual awareness of community issues, motivate learners to create opportunities, embrace new ideas and give direction to positive change. Adult learning and education is certainly affected by the uncertainty that characterizes today’s contemporary global situation. Increasingly, there are difficult questions posed about what constitutes the field of adult education and what are its values and purposes (Snell, 2002). In times when a greater number of adults coming from a diversity of backgrounds enter an increasing variety of programmes, another set of problems is emerging. The difficulty in coping with the current uncertainty is compounded by the nature of the contemporary situation, which itself is difficult to characterize and interpret. Whilst there is general agreement that the world is extremely witnessing profound economic, technological and cultural changes, there is less agreement on whether these constitute a continuation of quality adult education. This research proposal intends to explore the correlation between the socio-economic status of minority women and adult literacy. It will collect information to explain the socio-economic status of minority women and its importance in learning process particularly on adult learning. Similarly, the barriers that may affect its effectiveness are sought after. Research Objectives This study mainly focuses on leadership and learning. It specifically tackles the subject of socio-economic status of minority women and adult learning within the organization. The following specific objectives are to be achieved: <ul style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in" type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt"> 	To explore the relationship between 	socio-economic status of minority women and adult learning improvement. 	</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt"> 	To collect information to explain 	socio-economic status of minority women and its importance in learning 	process particularly on adult learning. </li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt"> 	To identify the barriers that may affect 	its effectiveness.</li> </ul> Statement of the Problem This research study will work on the following research questions as problems: <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt"> 	What is the relationship between 	socio-economic status of minority women and adult learning improvement?</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt"> 	How is socio-economic status of minority 	women and important in learning process particularly on adult learning 	improvement?</li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt"> 	What are the barriers that may affect its 	effectiveness?</li> Research Design and Instrument In order to come up with the most suitable research approaches and strategies for this study, the research process “onion” is undertaken. This is because conducting a research is like peeling the back layers of an onion – in order to come to the central issue of how to collect the necessary data needed to answer the research questions and objectives, important layers should be first peeled away. With the said process, the researcher was able to create an outline on what measures are most appropriate to be applied in the study. The researcher uses the qualitative research design utilizing the descriptive research method, which is primarily concerned with describing the nature or conditions of the current situation in detail (Creswell, 1994). According to Kumar (2005), the qualitative research approach is most appropriate when conducting descriptive and exploratory study in order to quantify data that seem immeasurable, such as feelings, beliefs, and thoughts. Qualitative research is defined by Collis & Hussey (2003) as “a subjective approach which includes examining and reflecting on perceptions in order to gain an understanding of social and human activities” (p. 353). The emphasis is on describing rather than on judging. This study employs qualitative research method, since it intends to find and build theories that would explain the relationship of one variable with another variable through qualitative elements. These qualitative elements does not have standard measures, rather they are behavior, attitudes, opinions, and beliefs. So, the goals of qualitative research are primarily to advance new theory, interpret the significance of individual events and giving voice to particular groups. So, the goals of qualitative research are primarily to advance new theory, interpret the significance of individual events and giving voice to particular groups. In contrast quantitative research is primarily about testing theory, identifying broad patterns and making predictions. Quantitative researchers are interested in how variables co-vary across cases. Therefore, they seek a limited amount of information about many cases. Qualitative research, on the other hand, seeks a lot of information about a limited number of cases. In this case, the choice of research strategy depends at least in which part and what the researcher wants to achieve. References Collis, J. & Hussey, R. (2003). Business Research, 2nd Edition, New York: Palgrave. Creswell, J. (1994). Research design: Qualitative and quantitative approaches, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Kumar, R. (2005). Research Methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners, 2nd Edition, New York: Sage. Robbins, S.P. & Judge, T.A. (2007). Organizational Behavior, 12th ed., Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ Snell, R.S. (2002). ‘The Learning Organization, sensegiving and psychological contracts: a Hong Kong case’, Organization Studies, July 7 issue Thompson, A.A. & Strickland, A.J. (2003). Strategic management: Concepts and cases, International Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York   Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com

Research proposal on Adult Literacy: What is the correlation between the socio-economic status of minority women and adult literacy?

Adult Literacy: What is the correlation between the socio-economic status of minority women and adult literacy? Introduction ...

Research proposal on Adult Literacy: What is the correlation between the socio-economic status of minority women and adult literacy?

Research proposal on Adult Literacy: What is the correlation between the socio-economic status of minority women and adult literacy?

Adult Literacy: What is the correlation between the socio-economic status of minority women and adult literacy? Introduction ...