., , , , ., & , . (1999). Effects of a cumulative alcohol dosing procedure on laboratory aggression in women and men. , 60(3), .
This study involves an experiment to determine whether alcohol consumption has an influence on aggressive behavior. One group consumed alcohol every hour and in between, they participated in sessions designed to measure levels of aggression; while the other group acted as experimental control. Results showed that greater alcohol consumption results to behavior that is more aggressive. Moreover, aggressive behavior due to alcohol develops in the long-term and people exhibiting aggressive behavior while sober end up showing greater aggressiveness when drunk. The study supports the assumption that alcohol plays an influential role in campus aggression that could result to killings so that access to alcohol and alcohol consumption of university students would be further discussed in the course paper.
, ., & , . (2003). Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of human aggressive behavior. , 28(9), .
The study provides a direct and indirect relationship between drug intake and violent behavior. The direct relationship occurs because drugs may induce violence due to its effect on human cognition while indirect relationship covers situations when efforts to obtain drugs results to violence. Personality factors also influence the propensity of individuals on drugs to engage in aggressive behavior. In the course study, the influence of drugs on violent behavior would be further elaborated.
, . (2000). Toward a transformed approach to prevention: Breaking the link between masculinity and violence. , 48(6), .
This study proceeds with the assumption that gender-based violence emanates from perspectives of masculinity, since men perpetuate most gender-based offences. The study suggests that men could contribute to the minimization of sexual offences by changing their perspectives of masculinity. The study featured a year-long group sessions with 8 male participants that resulted to a marked change in their perspectives of masculinity that should influence the decline in their propensity to commit gender-based violence. This study provides that gender perceptions could influence campus violence so that the manner that gender perceptions influence violence will be further discussed in the course paper.
., & ,. (2003). Multiple-precursor scenarios—Predicting and reducing campus violence. , 18(5), .
This research sought to identify signs of risk behavior of interpersonal violence in schools as bases in determining predictive patters to find ways of preventing these risk behaviors to allay campus violence. Through a survey questionnaire floated to 451 college students and analyzed through the Violence Risk Assessment measure, gender and situational factors together with peer persuasion and alcohol consumption created patterns of violent behavior. Results of the study provide the course paper with the factors that influence the occurrence of campus violence. By identifying these risk factors, the course paper will be able to provide comprehensive information on campus violence for purposes of academic learning and informed policy-making in schools.
., , ., & , . (1999). Guns at college. , 48(1), .
The study conducted a survey of 15,000 college students enrolled in 130 colleges offering four-year courses to investigate the frequency of firearm possession. Out of this number, 52,500 students or 3.5 percent of all respondents answered that they had a functioning firearm in college. Profiling of college students who own guns show that these people are usually involved in alcohol related crimes or accidents resulting to injuries and damages to property. This means that college students with working firearms tend to be involved in incidents that involve harm to themselves or to other people. This study provides the course paper with another perspective on campus violence that access to guns and alcoholism constitutes a recipe for violence or violent victimization.
., & , . (2002). Guns and gun threats at college. , 51(2), .
This study constitutes an extension of their 1999 research and expands the investigation to the issue of gun threats. A survey of 10,000 college students enrolled in 119 colleges offering four-year courses showed that 43,000 or 4.3 percent of the respondents answered that they carried a functioning firearm in college and 16,000 answered that they have experienced gun threats during college. Again, a profiling of the students with guns showed that these are mostly male students living outside of campus, engaged in binge drinking, involved in risky or violent behavior, and enrolled in schools located in regions with high firearm prevalence among households. This study provides other risk factors for campus violence including regional location and household environment that influence their ownership of firearms and engagement in alcoholism and aggressive behavior that supports the information-gathering objective of the course paper.
. (1996). Violence and other forms of victimization in residence halls: Perspectives of resident assistants. , 37(3), .
The study conducted a survey of 374 resident assistants in 12 schools and learned that the respondents have been engaged in 5,472 victimization incidents involving themselves or their fellow students. Only 41 percent of the incidents were reported to their supervisors while only 14 percent were reported to the police. In terms of causation, these incidents were mostly linked to alcohol and gender related issues. The study recommended means of improving reporting methods and enhancement of security in residence areas inside campuses. This study suggests that the involvement of school management and collaboration among various interested parties helps in minimizing victimization in residence halls, which would be further discussed in the course paper.
(1995). College campus violence: The nature of the problem and its frequency. , 7(1), .
This study highlights the importance of defining and understanding the issue of campus violence in order to implement effective preventive measures. The investigation focuses on the understanding of university heads and personnel of violence in universities in the United States. The study showed that educational institutions have an incomplete understanding of the problem of campus violence resulting to the inaccurate reporting and diagnosis of the issue. As such, educational institutions fail to enforce preventive or active measures to deal with the issue. To address campus violence, educational institutions need to recognize this information gap and take steps to develop a better diagnosis of the situation and information sharing with various parties in interest. Achieving a comprehensive understanding of the issue involves breaking certain barriers such as the indifferent attitudes and biased beliefs of individuals on the issue, which will be subject to elaboration in the course paper.
., & . (1995). College campus violence: Origins, impacts, and responses. , 7(1), .
This constitutes a follow-up study on the development of an understanding of campus violence. The research reports on the etiology of school violence. The paper propounds the argument that a typical university environment constitutes a hazardous setting for students and other university members. Violence stems from the influence of perspectives, attitudes and behaviors in enabling or reinforcing violent actions especially with the dynamics of these factors in situations involving alcohol consumption. Situational contexts determine whether one possibly becomes the victim or the perpetrator. As such, part of the recommended measures in dealing with campus violence is information dissemination on the causes of campus violence and the situations that could result to violence in the universities. Regulation of alcohol consumption inside the campus also constitutes a recommended measure to prevent campus violence. This study focuses on the factors and situations resulting to campus violence, which will be discussed in the course paper to provide a multi-perspective understanding of the issue.
., & (2001). Handgun sales, beer sales, and youth homicide, California 1972-1993., 22(2), .
This paper investigates the regulation of firearms and alcohol access as a policy consideration in minimizing youth violence. In taking California as focus of the case study, it was found that increases in beer and handgun sales could be associated with homicide rates especially killings committed by young people. This means that crime commission by young people is positively related to alcohol access and consumption as well as access and use of firearms. This research contributes causes of killings committed by young people and the areas for policy consideration that will be further discussed in the course paper.
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