Your gen Contents Part 1: Why is it important to cite and reference correctly? 2 What is citation? 3 What is referencing? 3 Plagiarism 3 Part 2: What needs to be cited in the text? 4 What does a citation include for author–date systems? 4 What does a citation include for numbered systems? 5 How do I put citations into the text? 5 Part 3: Before referencing 8 QUT’s recommended reference styles 10 Part 1: Referencing and citation It is essential to accurately reference any words or information you have ‘taken’ — or cited — from another source (for example, from a book, website, newspaper, journal, DVD, etc.) as part of studying at university. Why is it important to cite and reference correctly? At university you read widely. When you cite and reference in your writing, it is an opportunity to show readers the depth and quality of your reading and research. You reference in order to: add support to your ideas using expert facts or ideas acknowledge (to give credit for) facts and ideas you have used help other readers find the original facts and ideas — or ‘works’ — that you have used. avoid plagiarism. What is citation? Citation or citing is when you use information or words written by someone else in your work (in assignments, oral presentations, essays, reports, etc.) to support your argument or illustrate your point. What is referencing? Referencing is when you give information name and the date and title of publication — about the sources you used in your work. You need to reference when you: use a direct quote from someone else give a summary of someone else’s ideas paraphrase someone else’s ideas copy some information (such as a picture, a table or some statistics). Accurate referencing must have two parts in most disciplines: 1. In-text citation: the acknowledgement of the author or source located within your assignment 2. Reference lists: full details of the author and sources listed at the end of your assignment. Note: Some disciplines, such as Law, may require a different system. Plagiarism Plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty with strong penalties. give credit to the author/s. or referencing when: copying the work of another student directly copying or buying any part of another author’s work paraphrasing or summarising someone else’s ideas using the idea or thesis from someone else’s work using experimental results from someone else’s work directly copying and pasting information from the internet. You should read QUT’s policy on plagiarism (c/9.3 Procedures for academic dishonesty) to ensure you understand your responsibilities: www.mopp.qut.edu.au/C/C_09_03.jsp. What needs to be cited in the text? Any information (words, ideas, statistics, tables, data, pictures, photos, etc.) obtained from another author or source (e.g. textbooks, lecture materials, journals, websites, DVDs, etc.) — whether that information is used in a direct quotation or as a paraphrase — requires an in-text citation. Common knowledge, such as the symbol for water (H2O), does not need to be cited. Some students think citations are included in a paper only when a direct quotation is used. This is not true. All published material of an informative nature (i.e. information you used from your reading) should be acknowledged. What does a citation include for author–date systems? Example (QUT Harvard) Note use of quotation marks “You must cite the sources of each idea or item of information you use, whether you quote, paraphrase or summarize or merely refer to it” (Harris 2005, 5). author’s family name year page When you add a citation into your text you need to include the following information in the particular sentence or paragraph, either at the beginning or the end: 1. Author’s family name or name of the source (organisation, government department, etc.). 2. Year of publication — look for the copyright symbol © in the source. This is usually in the front pages of a book or at the bottom of an internet page. 3. Page number where you found the information, or paragraph (¶) number if there is no page number on it because it is an internet source. Summaries of information/sources do not require page numbers if the information comes from many pages. 4. Single quotation marks (‘…’) (and then doubles (“…”) within singles if required) if you are copying the words exactly. Examples (QUT APA) ‘At the beginning’: Marras et al. (1995) note that peak load moment has been suggested to play a major role in defining lower back disorder risk. ‘At the end’: Peak load moment has been suggested to play a major role in defining lower back disorder risk (Marras et al., 1995). Some students think it is okay if you copy and paste more than three words as long as you add the author/source name. This is not true. If you copy more than three words single quotation marks If you need to cite legal cases and legislation, law does not use an author–date system. If you are using a ‘non-law’ reference style such as Harvard for your writing, follow the requirements for referencing secondary sources such as books and journal articles. Cases and legislation should be referenced in full in the text of your writing. Part 2: In-text citations An example is set out below. Section 189 of the Migration Act (Cth) requires an officer to detain a person who is suspected of being an unlawful non-citizen. In Al-Kateb v Godwin (2004) 219 CLR 562 the court considered the detention and removal of unlawful citizens. For instructions on how to incorporate references to primary law sources using a non-law style go to: Stuhmcke A, Legal Referencing, 3rd ed, Lexis Nexis Butterworths, Australia, 2005. QUT Law Faculty Legal Referencing Style Guidelines www.law.qut.edu.au/files/ Legal_Reference_Style_Guide.pdf. What does a citation include for numbered systems? Examples (QUT Numbered) In the body of the text … ‘You must cite the sources of each idea or item of information you use, whether you quote, paraphrase or summarize or merely refer to it.’1 In the reference list … [1] Harris R. Using sources effectively: Strengthening your writing and avoiding Plagiarism. 2nded. California: Pyrczak Pub; 2005. p.5 Note lack of final full stop in this style When adding a citation, direct quote, paraphrase or summary in your text, either place a superscript number (start at 1) or a number in brackets at the end of the information you are citing. How do I put citations into the text? There are three ways to write in-text citations: direct quotations indirect quotations/paraphrases summaries. Direct quotations: copying words directly Example (QUT APA) author’s family name year page Harris (2005, p. 5) writes ‘you must cite the sources of each idea or item of information you use, whether you quote, paraphrase or summarize or merely refer to it’. Note single quotation marks to open and close 1. Copy the words exactly from the original source. 2. Add single quotation marks around the copied words. 3. Include the family/source name, year and page/paragraph numbers. Other guidelines Do not use too many direct quotations in your writing — always check with assignment criteria for information about the use of direct quotations. A common rule is to use a maximum of 10% of the word count as direct quotes in your assignment. As mentioned in Point 1 on page 4, you must copy the exact words from the original source. However, there are three situations where it is acceptable to change the original words slightly. Change the capital letter of the first word of the quotation to fit the flow of your sentence — in the example below the ‘A’ of ‘As’ has been changed to a lower case ‘a’: Harris (2005, p. 35) says ‘as you work on your paper visit your instructor to ask for input’. Add words in square brackets [ ] to make the meaning of the quote clearer to the reader: ‘Government [Queensland State] is connected about the cost of water’ (Courier Mail, 2007, p. 1). Use an ellipsis, which is three points (…), to show that you are leaving words out: ‘There is one exception to the rule of citing outside information. Common knowledge does not need to be cited … whatever an education person would be expected to know or could locate in an ordinary encyclopedia’ (Harris, 2005, p. 17). If the original source has a grammar or spelling mistake you should copy the mistake as is and add [sic] (note that it must be in italics and within square brackets) after the mistake. If the quotation includes another quotation made in the original, use the marks started with. Long quotations use a different style to set them apart from your normal text. 1. Set up a block quotation (not part of the sentence). 2. Indent the block from the left and right margins and use single space only between the lines. 3. Do not use quotation marks for the block. 4. Include citation details either as a lead in to the block or at the end (see example below for ‘end’ placement). Example: block quotation (QUT Harvard) In Using Sources Effectively, Harris describes many different ways students should reference their work in academic institutions. The author believes that students must understand the importance of referencing: An important part of using sources effectively lies in distinguishing between your own ideas and the ideas that come from outside sources … When you make use of words, ideas or any information from a source other than your own knowledge and experience, you mist give credit to the source in a citation. (Harris 2005, 1) Referencing is clearly an important skill for students who wish to succeed in academic courses. Indirect quotations/paraphrases: rewriting the original words Examples Original source Cope (2007, 21) says that ‘plagiarism, a failure to acknowledge sources of material correctly, is an offence against professional standards and is a form of academic dishonesty’. Paraphrase (QUT Harvard) According to Cope (2007, 21) plagiarism occurs when writers do not reference ideas, and this is a very serious offence. Paraphrase (QUT APA) Cope (2007, p. 21) mentions that plagiarism happens when writers do not give credit to authors; it is dishonest and not professional. 1. Use your own words. Use synonyms and new phrases. If you use the source’s words directly, put those words in single quotations marks. You may use technical words that cannot be substituted. Make sure you accurately represent the source/author’s ideas. 2. Change the sentence pattern. Rewrite the ideas in a different sentence structure so that you are not copying the source/author’s style. 3. Change the order of the ideas. If the author gives two or three ideas change the order of discussion/explanation. 4. Provide the correct citation information. Include the family/source name, year and page/paragraph numbers. Summaries: referring to the source/ author’s main ideas 1. When you refer to general ideas or just want to acknowledge that an idea came from a secondary resource, then your in-text citation requires only family/source name and year (no page or paragraph numbers). Example (QUT Harvard) Plagiarism is an issue that all students should be aware of (Cope 2007). 2. All ideas that are not your own should be cited (and later referenced). If you read from many sources and have written ideas in your own words, but you know that you learned these ideas from other people list their names alphabetically in your in-text citation using a semicolon (;) to separate the sources. Example (QUT APA) Academic writing is more formal and complicated than informal writing, especially when authors need to consider acknowledging referencing (Cope, 2007; Oshima & Hogue, 1991; Putnis & Petelin, 1999). A reference list contains details of every resource you cited in your assignment. guidelines. faculty may be more specific — ask your lecturer or tutor which style is required. A reference list is: placed at the end of your assignment listed in alphabetical order by author/editor family name or by organisation name listed in chronological order where there is more than one work by the same author/editor complete and accurate consistent in use of referencing style. Bibliographies are different from reference lists. They include references used in the assignment plus other relevant or useful sources not quoted from but used in the preparation of your assignment. Before referencing When you research and prepare for assessment items it is important to take down the full bibliographic details (including the page numbers from which the information is taken) as you go — it can be very time consuming to follow up references later. For a book, ‘full bibliographic details’ refers to: book author/editor family name and first name initial/s (note these details for as many authors or editors as the book recognises) or organisation name year of publication book title in full (main title and any subtitle noted) place of publication publisher. Part 3: Reference lists The example below shows a book referenced in QUT APA style. Publisher Book author’s family name Book author’s first name initials, spaced Year of publication Book title Turabian, K. L. (1973). A manual for writers of term papers, theses and dissertations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Place of publication For a book chapter, ‘full bibliographic details’ refers to: chapter author/editor family name and first name initial/s (note these details for as many authors or editors as the chapter recognises) year of publication chapter title book title in full book author/editor first name initials and family name (note reversed order here; see example) page numbers place of publication publisher. The example below shows a reference for a book chapter in QUT Harvard style. Bernstein, D. 1995. Transportation planning. In The civil engineering handbook, ed. W. F. Chen, 676–721. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Book editor’s family name Book editor’s first name initials Page numbers Chapter author’s family name Chapter author’s first name initial/s Year of publication Chapter title Book title Place of publication Publisher For a journal article, ‘full bibliographic details’ refers to: article author family name and first name initial/s (note these details for as many authors as the article recognises) article title journal title date of publication date viewed volume and issue numbers page numbers (note use of the longer dash in the page span — ‘Ctrl’ plus the minus symbol on a standard keyboard’s number pad will give you this symbol) database name (if used). References to articles in print journals or PDF versions in databases are formatted using the same information. If an article is only available as html in a database, then you include the database name and access details. The example below shows a reference for a journal article from a database in QUT Numbered (Vancouver) style. Article author’s family name Article author’s first name initial/s Article title McBratney AB, Minasny B. On digital soil mapping. Geoderma [serial online]. 2003 February. [cited 2004 Feb 17];117 (2): 3–52. Available from: ScienceDirect Volume and issue Page numbers Database used Journal title Date of publication Date viewed QUT’s recommended reference styles There are four recommended referencing styles at QUT. You will need to ask your lecturer or tutor which style is used in your faculty. Author–date style In author–date styles, the reference list at the end of the document provides the full details of all works and sources that have been cited in-text. Author–date systems are those that use the author name, date and page numbering as the in-text citation. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author (or by title where there is no author), and chronologically for each author where more than one work of an author is cited. Examples of author–date systems used at QUT are APA and Harvard. APA The APA style is the publication style of the American Psychological Association. An example of a reference list in QUT APA style is below. For the complete guide to using QUT APA style, see www.citewrite.qut.edu.au. A book A chapter in a book A journal article Examples Bernstein, D. (1995). Transportation planning. In W. F. Chen (Ed.), engineering handbook McBratney, A. B., & Minasny, B. (2003). On digital soil mapping. Geoderma, 117(2), 3–52. Turabian, K. L. (1973). A manual for writers of term papers, theses and dissertations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Harvard QUT Harvard style is based on the Chicago Manual of Style. An example of a reference list in the QUT Harvard style is below. For the complete guide to using QUT Harvard style, see www.citewrite.qut.edu.au. Numbered style In the numbered style the reference list at the end of the document provides the full details of all works and sources that have been cited in-text. The references are listed in the order they appear in the document; that is, in numerical order, not alphabetical order. An example of a reference list in the QUT Numbered (Vancouver) style is provided below. For the complete guide to using QUT Numbered (Vancouver) style, see www.citewrite.qut.edu.au. Examples Bernstein, D. 1995. Transportation planning. In The civil engineering handbook, ed. W. F. Chen, 676–721. Boca Raton: CRC Press. McBratney, A. B. and B. Minasny. 2003. On digital soil mapping. Geoderma 117 (2): 3–52. Turabian, K. L. 1973. A manual for writers of term papers, theses and dissertations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. A chapter in a book with page numbers A journal article A book Examples [1] Turabian KL. A manual for writers of term papers, theses and dissertations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1973 [2] Bernstein D. Transportation planning. In Chen WF, editor. The civil engineering handbook. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1995. p. 676–721 [3] McBratney AB, Minasny B. On digital soil mapping. Geoderma [serial online]. 2003 February [cited 2004 Feb 17]; 117 (2): 3–52. Available from ScienceDirect A chapter in a book A journal article from a database A book Legal styles Legal writing employs a numbered note style to reference its footnotes. This refers the reader to the relevant numbered note at the bottom (or ‘foot’) of the page where the citation information is provided. Law students at QUT are required to use the QUT Law Faculty Legal Referencing Style Guidelines. A bibliography created using this style will include all secondary sources used in the preparation of the assignment, in addition to the secondary sources cited in the assignment (and referenced in the footnotes). Cases in alphabetical order Bibliography in alphabetical order by author’s last name Legislation in jurisdiction (in alphabetical order) and then in alphabetical order by short title of Act Primary sources (cases and legislation) are not included in the bibliography. If you are required to list the cases or legislation you have used at the end of the assignment, this is called one of the following: case list table of cases legislation list table of legislation. Note that these are separate lists. An example of QUT Law style is set out below. Case list Al-Kateb v Godwin (2004) 219 CLR 562 Giannarelli v Wraith (1991) 171 CLR 592 Peat v Lin [2005] 1 Qd R 40 Legislation list Commonwealth Evidence Act 1995 Queensland Acts Interpretation Act 1954 Evidence Act 1977 Bibliography Harris R, Avoiding Plagiarism Stuhmcke A, Legal Referencing, 3rd ed, Lexis Nexis Butterworths, Australia, 2005. © QUT 2008 Produced by QUT Publications 14464
ebsite.
Referencing and citation 2
In-text citations 4
Reference lists 8
bibliographic
— details such as author’s family
Plagiarism is when you do not
This means not citing
you must also have
.
opposite type of quotation
(i.e. “…”) to the singles (‘…’) that you
Below are general
The referencing style used by your
The civil
(pp. 676–721). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Using Sources Effectively: Strengthening your Writing and
, 2nd ed, Pyrczak Pub, California, 2005.
Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com
0 comments:
Post a Comment