Introduction
The heart is one of the amazing human organ as functions to continuously pumps oxygen and nutrient rich blood throughout the human body to sustain life adhering in the fist-sized powerhouse beats which expands and contracts everyday, pumping 5-6 quarts of blood each minute of about 2,000 gallons per/day[1], as heart beats, it pumps blood through a system of blood vessels, called the circulatory system and each vessels are elastic, muscular tubes that carry blood to every part of the body. The heart is located under the rib cage, to the left of human’s breastbone and between the lungs, and are made of muscles, the heart is four-chambered, hollow organ[2], divided into the left and right side by muscular wall as right and left sides of the heart are divided into top chambers called the atria, which receive blood from the veins, two bottom chambers called ventricles, which pump blood into the arteries. It can be that heart failure is condition which results in the heart being unable to pump enough blood around the body to meet its needs. Although it can develop with sudden onset of symptoms, there typically develops slowly and is chronic, long-term condition with signs and symptoms that persist. Congestive cardiac failure is the term used to describe blood backing up in the liver, lungs, abdomen and legs as a result of heart failure. Coronary artery disease, heart attack, problems with the heart valves or disorders that affect the electrical system of the heart can precipitate heart failure. Other conditions such as lung problems, severe anemia, high blood pressure and infection can also affect the heart leading to the development of heart failure. Diabetes and hormonal problems such as an overactive or under active thyroid gland can also trigger the condition.
Main body – Discuss hypertension as one major cause of heart failure
It can be that, hypertension is one common causes of heart failure approximately about 70 percent leads to heart failure assuming in high blood pressure in the arteries, which carry blood from person’s heart to every part of his body as it makes it harder for the heart to pump blood because of the increased pressure in the arteries and the increased pressure truly leads to a failing heart function as there is no leveling towards young, old, male or female as any person can be a victim of hypertension causing heart failures as in certain pathophysiology means pointing to the hypertensive heart disease, there implies to interplay of hemodynamic, structural and other related factors as the integral role may certainly develop hypertension and its complications. For instance, such elevated blood pressure can modulate such factors leading to adverse changes in cardiac structure and function in 2 ways like, as directly by increased after load and indirectly by associated neurohormonal and vascular changes. The presence of heart failure becomes common with increasing age as about 1 in 35 people aged 65-74 years have heart failure, increases to about 1 in 15 of people aged 75-84 years, and to just over 1 in 7 people aged 85 years but can be uncommon in younger people of healthy living. There can be drugs are used to treat heart failure for example, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors – ACE inhibitors (British Heart Foundation[3]), as some people with heart failure are prescribed an ACE inhibitor which prevent build up of fluid by interfering with the enzyme angiotensin which is involved in regulating body fluid. ACE inhibitors have protective effect on the heart and may slow down the progression of heart failure. After the very first dose, on the first day you start an ACE inhibitor, stay indoors for about four hours as occasionally some people feel dizzy. After the first dose on the first day of treatment, there is no need to take any special precautions. A blood test is usually done before starting an ACE inhibitor, and about 7-10 days after the first dose. This checks the function of the kidneys. The kidneys are affected in a small number of people who take an ACE inhibitor. A blood test about every six months is then usual. Research studies have shown that ACE inhibitors and beta blockers not only help to ease symptoms, but can improve the outlook and extend life expectancy for people with heart failure and that, even if symptoms go, continue to take these drugs if they are prescribed[4]. The internal function change can impede to severe symptoms like for instance, those being associated with chronic heart failure adhering to fatigue and weakness, shortness of breath allowing in the lack of appetite, decreased alertness and weight gain of the human body. Fluid retention in the body mainly affects the legs due to the effect of gravity, there may notice some swelling of ankles and feet at the end of the day as well as having in gradual build up of fluid as water retention develops quickly outcomes in a mild heart failure. Hypertension (HT) is major risk factor for coronary heart disease, among the numerous risk factors associated with CHD, HT plays a major role given its high frequency and its physiopathogenesis as roughly 15 percent of the general adult population manifest HT with a net male predominance, and 25 percent of patients with CHD have HT[5]. Thus, affecting in other organs mostly the liver, lungs and others damaging the normal functioning of these organs as the collapse of the heart the latter organs also collapses and that treatment and proper immediate medication is to be given to patient experiencing heart failure or any other diseases that leads to the failure, the other organs cannot function well and can’t support the body to remain active, stable and strong[6] There indications of severe heart failure as the internal system is changing impacting in nerve impulses and adequate functioning of the central nervous system upon which, systems do collapse during incidence of heart failure with major changes happening within the cardiovascular system, as the heart failure begins with an insult to pump function, suchas a myocardial infarction, inflammation, severe hemodynamicoverload from hypertensive disease, genetic causes,or idiopathic myocardial dysfunction. Inaddition, activation of both the adrenergic and renin-angiotensinsystems causes vasoconstriction, which serves to stabilize centralblood pressure and redistribute cardiac output to the brainand the heart, which in large part have auto regulatory controlof flow. Although redistribution of fluid to these vital organsis obviously advantageous in the short term, the increase inperipheral resistance and left ventricular wall stress actually decreases myocardial performance, particularly in the presenceof any degree of pump dysfunction.
Prognosis if the condition continues to deteriorate
The prognosis can assume presence of such systolic dysfunction of individual cardiac myocytes is by definitiondue to a change in gene expression. In rodent systems, the constellationof alterations in gene expression that accompanies cardiac hypertrophyand its transition to myocardial dysfunction has been termedactivation of fetal program because the changes recapitulateembryonic or neonatal patterns[7], since humans do notexhibit major changes in gene expression during development,they do not exhibit the dramatic fetal program activation thatcharacterizes hypertrophy or failure in rodent hearts[8]. Indeed, there can be hard to give outlook for individual as the more severe heart failure, the worse the prognoses is, in cases, the symptoms remain at stable level for quite some time before becoming worse and indeed, severe heart failure can lead to death and treatment not just ease symptom but can improve prognosis and prolong human life.
References
Collins R, McMahon S. Blood pressure, antihypertensive drug treatment and the risks of stroke and of coronary heart disease. Br Med Bull 1994; 50: 272-98
Katz A. The cardiomyopathy of overload: an unnatural growth response in the hypertrophied heart. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:363-37Parks, R. Heart Matters by Healthwise in British Heart Foundation, 2006 available at: www.bhf.org.uk
Schmieder RE, Messerli FH. Hypertension and the heart. J Hum Hypertens 2000; 14: 597-604
Schwartz K, Carrier L, Mercadier J-J, Lompre A-M, Boheler KR. Molecular phenotype of the hypertrophied and failing myocardium. Circulation. 1993;87(suppl VII):VII-5-VII-10
WebMD Medical Reference (2009) http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide/how-heart-works?page=2
[1] WebMD Medical Reference (2009) http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide/how-heart-works?page=2
[2] WebMD Medical Reference (2009) http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide/how-heart-works?page=2
[3] Parks (2006) at British Heart Foundation
[4] Parks (2006) at British Heart Foundation
[5] Collins R, McMahon S. Blood pressure, antihypertensive drug treatment and the risks of stroke and of coronary heart disease. Br Med Bull 1994; 50: 272-98
[6] Schmieder RE, Messerli FH. Hypertension and the heart. J Hum Hypertens 2000; 14: 597-604.
[7] Katz A. The cardiomyopathy of overload: an unnatural growth response in the hypertrophied heart. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:363-37
Schwartz K, Carrier L, Mercadier J-J, Lompre A-M, Boheler KR. Molecular phenotype of the hypertrophied and failing myocardium. Circulation. 1993;87(suppl VII):VII-5-VII-10
[8] Schwartz K, Carrier L, Mercadier J-J, Lompre A-M, Boheler KR. Molecular phenotype of the hypertrophied and failing myocardium. Circulation. 1993;87(suppl VII):VII-5-VII-10
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