Parts and Functions of the Cell:
Nucleus- According to (1978) it is the command center of the cell. The nucleus holds the genes, which give directions and control of the cell’s reproduction and heredity.
Nucleolus- The major function of the nucleolus is to make ribosome. It is also responsible for the exchanging of different important small RNA species. Nucleolus also have a number of nontraditional roles like interacting with viral elements, regulating the activities of the oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, gathering the signal recognition particle, alteration of small RNA strands and regulate the aging and modulating telomerase function.(2006)
Ribosome- The ribosome translates the messenger RNA into protein also called as protein synthesis.[3] (2006)
Golgi Body- The golgi body is composed of layers of sacs having thin membranes and vesicles on the edges of the sacs. Golgi body has two functions, the first is it performs in the modification of proteins and lipids and it serves as storage of materials for the exportation from the cell.[4] (2000)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- The rough endoplasmic reticulum transports the proteins bound for membranes and secretion. [5](2006)
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- The function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are the lipid synthesis, carbohydrates metabolism and concentration of calcium. In addition the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is where the calcium ions of the muscle cells are stored. [6](2006)
Mitochondrion- The mitochondria contains the outer and inner memebranes which have different functions. The outer membrane contains porins and enzymes that are necessary for the cellular activities such as fatty acid elongation, epinephrine oxidation and tryptophan degradation. The inner mitochondrial membrane contains proteins responsible for carrying out the oxidation reactions of the respiratory chains, males ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in the matrix, regulates the passage of metabolites in and out of the matrix and protein import machinery. [7](1994)
Centrioles- The centrioles play an important role during cell division, it aids in the organization of microtubules during mitosis. [8](2004)
Definition of Terms:
Cells- The cell is the basic unit of living organisms. It is also called the building blocks of proteins. There are two kinds of cells, the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are usually found in the single-celled animals while eukaryotic cells are found in multi-cellular animals. [9](2006)
Tissues- Tissues are similar cells in form and function that are aggregated to form a tissue. The animal tissues are the epithelial, nerve, muscle and vascular, while plant tissues are the meristematic, protective, fundamental tissues and the vascular tissues. [10](2004)
Organs- Organs are a group of tissues that performs a specific function or functions. The animal organs have a main and sporadic tissue. [11](2006)
Systems- The systems constitute two or more organs delivering a common function. The human body has ten organ systems: skeletal, muscular, reproductive, circulatory, nervous, excretory, respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, and endocrine. [12](2004)
Concepts of cell division and apply these to genetic problems.
Mitosis- the (2004,) describes mitosis as a process of nuclear division in cells, in which the chromosomes are replicated and distributed to the nucleus of identical daughters. Mitosis undergoes different stages: Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
In the interphase stage the chromosomes are scattered in the nucleus, appearing as long and thin threads or filaments known as the chromatin and the chromosomes replicates themselves forming two chromatids.
In Prophase the chromatids stay attached to one another in the centromere but in the formation of a coiled body. The nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappears and a formation of spindle begins.
In metaphase the chromosomes assemble in the equatorial plane.
In metaphase the two chromatids separate moving to opposite poles.
In telophase a new nuclear envelope and nucleoli appears and the spindle fibers disappear, moreover, the formation of daughter cells are completed.
Meiosis- the (2004) defines meiosis as the process of nuclear division in cells in which the chromosomes are cut in half, it only takes place during gametogenesis.
According to (2006) meiosis undergoes the following stages:
Interphase, in which the replication of DNA takes place.
Early Prophase 1, the chromosomes in this stage become thicker, easily stained and shorter, and the Nuclear envelope starts to breakdown.
Late Prophase 1, the chromosomes are completely shortened and thickened, the homologous chromosomes lie side by side, the nuclear envelope vanishes and the spindle starts to form.
In the metaphase 1, the pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equatorial plane.
Anaphase 1, the homologous chromosome moves to the opposite poles.
In Telophase 1, the movement of chromosomes to the poles is finished, the spindle vanishes and Cytokinesis begins.
Interphase, the chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear envelope reoccurs and first cell division is finished forming two haploid cells.
Prophase 2, the centrioles duplicate and the nuclear envelop breaks down.
Metaphase 2, the formation of spindle fibers occurs and the chromosomes align in the equatorial plate.
Anaphase 2, the centromeres are divided and the chromatids move to the opposite poles of chromosomes.
Telophase 2, the completion of the movement of chromosomes in the poles, the disappearance of spindle and cell division begins.
Interphase, the chromosomes continue in the interphase appearance and it uncoils, the nuclear envelop reoccurs and the second cell division is finished, having four haploid cells.
During cell division the separation of chromosomes and chromatids during meiosis 1 and 2 is called disjunction, but if there is an alteration during the process and the separation becomes abnormal it is called nondisjunction. It can occur during meiosis 1, meiosis 2 and mitosis. And nondisjunction is the reason for a number of genetic disorder such as Down syndrome, Patau syndrome, Edward Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, XYY Syndrome and Triple X Syndrome. [16](2006)
Table of the Main Body Systems.
Body Systems
Function
Structures
Skeletal System
-it forms a framework in which the soft tissues and organs are attached
– The important organs are protected by the skeletal system.
-Movement of the body is executed by the interaction of the skeletal and muscular system.
-Blood cells are produced in the marrow of bones.
-The bones are storage of minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
AXIAL SKELETON
-Skull
-Sternum-Ribs
-Vertebral Column
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
-Upper Extremities
-Lower Extremities
-Shoulder Girdle
-Pelvic Girdle
Circulatory System
-it is responsible for the transportation of nutrients, water and oxygen to the cells of the body.
-it removes the wastes the body produces.
HEART
BLOOD
-Red Blood Cells
-White Blood Cells
-Platelets
-Plasma
BODY VESSELS
-Arteries
-Capillaries
-Veins
Nervous System
-the nervous system sends and receives messages and controls all thoughts and movement of the body.
-NEURONS
-BRAIN
-SPINAL CORD
Digestive System
-It is an elaborate series of organs and glands responsible for the process and breakdown of nutrients in the food.
-MOUTH
-ESOPHAGUS
-STOMACH
-LIVER
-GALLBLADDER
-PANCREAS
-SMALL INTESTINE
-LARGE INTESTINE
-RECTUM
-ANUS
Endocrine System
-it is the system that controls the ductless glands and secretes hormones that circulate in the body affecting cells within organs.
HYPOTHALAMUS
PINEAL GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND
-Anterior Pituitary lobe
-Posterior pituitary lobe
THYROID GLAND
PARATHYROID GLAND
HEART
STOMACH
INTESTINES
LIVER
ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
ADRENAL GLANDS
-Adrenal cortex
-Adrenal Medulla
KIDNEY
SKIN
ADIPOSE TISSUES
TESTES
OVARIAN FOLLICLE
CORPUS LUTEUM
PLACENTA
Excretory System
-It filters the cellular wastes, toxins and excess water and nutrients from the circulatory system.
KIDNEY
URETERS
BLADDER
URETHRA
Reproductive System
-It produces cells for reproduction.
FEMALE
-Ovaries
-Oviducts
-Uterus
-Vagina
-Mammary Glands
MALE
-Testes
-Seminal Vesicles
-Penis
Muscular System
-its role is to provide mobility and control the movement of materials in organs.
SKELETAL MUSCLES
SMOOTH MUSCLES
Lymphatic System
-its role is to remove and destroy microbes and viruses from the body, it also removes fat and excess fluids from the blood.
LYMPH
LYMPH NODES
LYMPH VESSELS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
T- CELLS
B- CELLS
Respiratory Systems
-Gas exchanges between the blood and environment occurs in the respiratory system.
NOSE
MOUTH
TRACHEA
LUNGS
BRONCHI
BRONCHIOLES
ALVEOLI
DIAPHRAGM
Analyse and explain the mode of inheritance of one genetical inherited disease.
One hereditary genetic disorder is the Huntington’s disease, According to the (2004,) it is a genetic disorder in which there is an involuntary movement of the muscles and progressive mental deterioration, it usually begins in the middle age. According to the site (2005), the mode of inheritance of this disease is autosomal dominant in which the disease is inherited from the gene-carrying parent. There is 50% chance that the child will inherit the disease even if there is only one parent carrying the gene. And there is greater chance of early onset when it is inherited from the father.
Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com
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