Kenya Development Project:


Establishment of Communal Irrigation System in a Village


 


Introduction


            Water is an important natural resource. Being a natural resource, water is feared to run out in future years to come. Due to scarcity issues and predictions, people have grown concerned on how to assure sufficient water supply to the growing population. Accordingly, water to be used in livelihoods such as agriculture is not a new context. Conventionally, various people have utilised their water multiple uses, through the use of multiple sources. Furthermore, various communities had their conventional regimes which governed the use of water, known as a code of conducts which determined what different sources could be used for. One example is a certain communal source which is used as a reserved for drinking purposes and could not be used for other water needs.


Due to several factors, water resources have been allocated in various means in other countries. Primarily, water allocation has been implemented so as to comply with the basic economic principle of meeting the increasing demand with sufficient supply. One of these is through, public or administrative method of water allocation. In this system, the state plays an important role in supplying water resources. The administrative water allocation is applied in most major irrigation systems, wherein the decision on what water resource to use as well as its allocation and distribution in the irrigation system, is dependent on the state. Water quantities that is based on physical standards and political influence, is commonly associated with the administrative water allocation (Dinar, Rosegrant and Meinzen-Dick, 1997). In most cases, the public allocation of water is only applicable at the trunk and distribution level of irrigation systems. According to Coward (1986), the irrigation property creation and ownership, including water allocation through pumps and conveyance structure, serve as the basis for irrigator relations, which in turn become the social basis for the irrigators’ collective action in conducting different irrigation tasks (p. 227). Moreover, Meinzen-Dick and Mendoza (1996) stated that while cohesive force of property is significant for various aspects of water management, it is equally important for allocation.                The content of local standards and the strength of local organizations are the determinants of the user-based water allocation effect. The organization of collective action to increase water supply is easier for the users than to distribute it among themselves. Without the active promotion of efficiency by the institution, the user-based water allocation results to minimal effect in managing demand. However, the creation of incentives for conservation through social standards can be effective, especially if these norms are supported by regulations for excessive consumption, sanctions on water wastage and strict compliance. Through the united goal of the water management organization members, the practice of water conservation will be realized and followed by others, thereby maximizing the efficiency of user-based water allocation (Dinar, Rosegrant and Meinzen-Dick, 1997).

Primarily, the main goal of this paper is to provide a project formulation for the development or establishment of Communal Irrigation System in one of the villages of Kenya. This report will be divided into sections including the scope of the project for both sectoral and sub-sectoral aspects, target beneficiaries, pre and post project conditions, special considerations, other donors and programmes, development objective, major elements, project strategy, host country commitment, risks and inputs.


 


Section A      Development Problem(s) intended to be addressed by proposed project.


 


A1.      At the sectoral or subsectoral level (the “macro” level):


There is inadequate water irrigation supply to some village in Kenya.


 


Causes:   Most of the community or villages in Kenya are relying too much on agricultural output. However, due to water supply shortages, this source of livelihood of the village people is being compromised.  Hence, there is a need for an efficient and reliable irrigation system for the village. It can be said that the water needs of the village farms are currently provided by an improvised version that looks like an irrigation system. Such ineffective water supply has been caused of the unimproved output of the agricultural industry in most villages and this can only be enhanced by putting a new irrigation system.


 


A2.      At the level subject to solution by the proposed project itself (the “micro” level):


The village in Kenya is lacking an effective and reliable supply of water that will enable them to improve the agricultural output.


 


Causes: Several communities lacking efficient irrigation system and lack of inadequate facilities to improve the water supply that will enhance the agricultural output. The Kenyan village is made up of subsistence farmers who are in need of an efficient water supply that will sustain their water needs.


 


Section B      Target Beneficiaries


 


B1.      Who identified the development problem and how has it come to attention?


            The agricultural department, local and national government, as well as non-government organisations and international institutions like the European Union and United Nations have all identified the water irrigation system problems of the village. Kenyan Government has been trying to provide the needs of the people in cooperation with other regional communities in determining and establishing their specific water needs. Several other local organisations, have been working with the villages in Kenya to address the water supply shortages. In addition, the group has also been assisted by some religious organisation for financial and technical assistance to execute the project. These groups are being advised to integrate water for irrigation.  These groups are the one responsible for assisting the village in line with design preparation and identification of donors.


 


B2.      What particular group(s) re intended to benefit from the solution of the development problem identified in A2?


 


For this project, the target beneficiaries include more than 3000 households in Kenyan villages who need reliable and efficient water supplies.


            The direct recipients of these projects include farmers and other staff extensions that are mostly in need of reliable source of water to improve their agricultural output. The recipients also include the local and national government as well as the agricultural department of Kenya who will be responsible for giving assistance to the farmers of the target village. These farmers will receive support in terms of irrigation establishment, extension services for the production of crops that would contribute for their income.


            In terms of ethical considerations, the village community on this project is predominantly have relatively homogenous socio-political and cultural setting. Herein, the organisation, of the clan elders is operational and elders are essential for mobilising the village people, conflict resolution and are considered as main representatives of the target village.


 


Section C      Pre and Post Project Situations


 


C1.      Statement of the present/pre-project situation


            In the country of Kenya, the village’s agricultural production using self-sustaining small scale irrigation systems of the farmers accounts for 75 percent of the total agricultural process of the nation. Since the methods of the production mostly depend on rainwater, the production on the agricultural sectors was not stables and largely depends on the climate changes, and 55% of the households in the village’s area were suffering from poverty.  Furthermore, it is well known that Kenya is regularly suffering from extreme weather occurrences which exacerbate the poverty in the rural region, with devastating effect on pastoralists and subsistence farmers in both the semi-arid and arid regions of the nation.


 


Accordingly, there is a need for an effective water supply sources to ensure that farmers and Kenyan villagers will be able to uplift their current condition and provide increased agricultural output which would be beneficial for the villagers.  Hence, the establishment of communal irrigation system in a village is very much needed.


 


C2.      Statement of situation expected at the end of the proposed project


 


After the establishment of communal irrigation system in the village of Kenya has been achieved, the expected situation for the villagers would be agricultural sectors which are stabilized in terms of its quantity production, have a more efficient and reliable source of water for their agricultural activities and provide enough water for household needs.


The main objective of the project which are expected to be achieved after th project include the idea of contributing to the reduction of poverty and enhanced rural livelihood programmes within the project region.  The main goal of the projects is to establish a communal irrigation system and to enhance household income as well as food security, by growing, producing and marketing irrigated crops, hence, contributing to the Kenyan government’s wealth creation programmes.


 


Section D      Special Considerations


 


D1.      Identify those special considerations which may be relevant to the proposed project and describe how they influence either the content or form of the project.


 


The project will facilitate an increase in the establishment of the irrigation system as well as the initiative of providing clean water for community and domestic consumptions. For this project, the special considerations relevant to project include the policy, legal and administrative models which have direct impact to the said project.


In this regard, the National Policy on Water Resources Management and Development articulated in Sessional Paper No.1 of 1999 as well as the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) No. 8 of 1999 and finally, the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations of 2003 specified that the establishment of the communal irrigation system in the villages of Kenya must first undergo EIA prior to implementation of such project.


            It can be said that the proposed the establishment of the communal irrigation system in the villages falls under the mandatory operations of EIA which is included in the 2nd Schedule of the EMCA. Under the Section 58 of EMCA, the project is required to be subjected to the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) regulations.


            The establishment of communal irrigation system projects which are located in or within the premises of environmentally sensitive regions also fall in the Category 1 projects which needs an EIA in line with the ADB’s Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures (ESAP).  It is known that there are about 77 states in the country which are dealing with various environmental dilemmas. Herein, some of the legislative measures have been provided for many years and are provide d again in other regulations and legislations.


            The most dominant legislative measures provided which will have a great effect on the irrigation project is the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (1999) and Water Act (2002). In this regard, the Ministry of Water Resources, Management and Development (MWRMD) is accountable for the management of water including the management of resources, supply and others.


           


 


 


D2.      Identify any negative impact which the project may have on the environment or on particular groups.


 


The project managers and the administrators, assures that there will be no negative impact from the project. Since, all their initiatives are based on the legal requirements and the projects has been approved by the government and agricultural department and because it is carefully considered during the identification of the project, feasibility, and the design stages.  


However, upon the initiation of the project, possible impacts may also occur, specifically in terms of social and environment aspects.  Herein, environment impact may exist at different phases of the development of the project. The negative impacts can be considered as several but in some situations, these impacts may be severe. The negative impact can be divided into physical, biological, social and cultural and environmental. The physical effects include salinization, water logging, sodicity, euthrophication, social erosion and sedimentation, pollution and downstream water flow changes from pesticides and agro-chemicals.  On one hand, biological impacts may include the loss of natural habitats and biodiversity like fisheries, interference, and infringement with wetlands, problems linked with invasive weeds. In terms of social and cultural impacts, negative effects include higher incidence of water related diseases and waterborne diseases, encroachment of archaeological as well as historical places and loss of livestock in most grazing regions.


            It can be noted that much of the negative effects result directly from the practices and methods by construction contractors. Some effects are considered as short-term but most can be more long lasting. Hence, it is suggested that the Code of Code of Good Practices for Construction be given emphasis in the work contract to avoid and eliminate negative environmental impacts.


 


Section E      Other Donors and Programmes


 


E1.      Identify and describe the linkage of the proposed project to the activities of other sources of external assistance


Smallholder Irrigation Scheme Development Organization-

            The main goal of this organisation is to enhance the standard living of smallholder farmers/groups by providing assistance in terms of developing and managing sustainable income generating projects without having to find outside assistance.  SISDO aims in creating a revolving fund from which the village farmers can have the chance to borrow for scheme development without having to always depend on donor funds.


Catholic Diocese of Meru


            This group would also be helpful for providing technical and financial assistance to pursue the project.  The Diocese of Meru is responsible for assisting the community in line with the design preparation as well as the identification of possible donors for the project.


World Bank


            The World Bank can be a big help for this project in terms of providing loans for the funding of the said project.


Section F      Development Objectives


 


F1.      Development objective and its relation to the country programme


 


In this project, the objective of the said development project is to enhance the standard of living of the farmers by providing an efficient and reliable supply of water which will help them enhanced or improved their agricultural production and output. The relation of this project to the country programme (Kenyan Programme) is it will enable the government of Kenya to have an initiative in enhancing their economic condition through their enhanced agricultural sectors. The government of Kenya, aims of improving the kind of living of their people and this is a great opportunity to enhance the lives of the people by providing them an irrigation system that would facilitate all their water needs, specifically in village areas.


 


 


Section G      Major Elements


 


Immediate Objective


Facilitate and provide communal irrigation system in the project.   


Success Criteria


By the end of the project:


 


There will be a new irrigation system in the village of Kenya.


There will be clean water for community and domestic consumption.


 


There will be trained farmers for diversifying agricultural productions.


 


Poverty reduction due to enhanced income because of the improved agricultural production


 


 


 



 


 


Output 1


A new administrative system


 


Success Criteria


 


A new administrative system in place and procedures for the communal irrigation system annual review policy and recruitment policy created


 


Activities for Output 1


Responsible party


1.1


Hire a Project Manager


 


Consultant


1.2


Identify a project office


 


Project Manager


1.3


Hire an administrator


 


Project Manager


1.4


Identify the construction agency to do the project


 


Project Manager and Engineers


1.5


Assess current village agricultural system


 


Project Manager and local or community and agricultural department officers


1.6


Create agricultural council if there is note


 


Project Manager and local or community and agricultural department officers


1.7


Assess agricultural training need for the members


 


Project Manager and trainers


1.8


Develop farmers training programme


 


Trainer


1.9


Provide agricultural training for members


 


Trainer


1.10


Develop procedures for the annual review policies including guidelines and support network


 


Project Manager and local or community and agricultural department officers


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


Output 2


There will be trained farmers for diversifying agricultural productions.


 


Success Criteria


 


Farmers will undergo training for diversifying agricultural production through Agricultural Staff Training Institutions


 


Activities for Output 2


Responsible party


 2.1


Hire a trainer


Project Manager and local or community and agricultural department officers


2.2


 


Assess training requirements for the farmers in terms of curriculum, delivery and teaching methods


 


Project Manager and Trainer


2.3


Prepare training programme for farmers in line with the agricultural needs in irrigation development.


 


 


Project Manager and local or community and agricultural department officers and trainer


2.4


 


Hire Extension Staff


Project Manager and local or community and agricultural department officers and trainer


2.5


 


Train Extension Staff


Trainer


2.6


Develop an annual staff development review policy and system


Project Manager and local or community and agricultural department officers


2.7


Review the training requirements at end of curriculum or agricultural training programme


 


Project Manager


2.8


Develop revised training programme for farmers


 


Project Manager and local or community and agricultural department officers and trainer


2.9


Liaise with teachers from the region to identify a support network for the farmers and extension staff


Project Manager


 



 


 


Output 3


Poverty reduction due to enhanced agricultural production


 


Success Criteria


 


The programme will have been prepared and certified by the agricultural department and the pilot programme will be monitored and evaluated.


 


Activities for Output 3


Responsible party


3.1


 


Identify the poverty reduction needs for the enhanced agricultural productions align them to the needs of the farmers with the new irrigation system.


 


Project Manager and local or community and agricultural department officers


3.2


Design the poverty reduction program through enhanced agricultural production


 


Project Manager and local or community and agricultural department officers


3.3


Identify effective materials and teaching aids required for the said programme


 


Project Manager and local or community and agricultural department officers


3.4


Identify training requirements needed for the programme


 


Project Manager and Trainer


3.5


Prepare training programme for the farmers in the delivery of the enhanced agricultural production


 


Project Manager and Trainer


3.6


Purchase learning materials and agricultural equipments and facilities


 


Project Manager


3.7


Implement the pilot programme


 


Project Manager and local or community and agricultural department officers, farmers


3.8


Develop monitoring system of effective methods and materials for enhancing agricultural production


 


Project Manager


3.9


Evaluate and revise the programme


 


Project Manager and local or community and agricultural department officers


3.10


Develop progression and retention policies


 


Project Manager and local or community and agricultural department officers


3.11


Create a policy document for annual review sessions in line with progression and retention


 


Project Manager and local or community and agricultural department officers


 


 


Section H      Project Strategy


 


H1.      Who are the people / institutions who would benefit in the first instance from the proposed outputs, inputs, and activities of the project?


 


The Farmers of the village as well as the agricultural department of Kenya will be the institution which will benefit from the development of the project initially.  These include, households, as well as the association of the community leaders, government, who organise, manage, manage and execute social and cultural, economic and environmental projects to improve the quality of living of the people in Kenya especially those in the rural region.


 


H2.      Describe how the benefits proposed to be delivered to the direct recipients will lead to the benefit intended for the target beneficiaries


Once the new communal irrigation system are built or established, staff trained and the administrative policies has been properly organised, the farmers of the village and the households will benefit from the said project. The enhanced irrigation system will enable the farmers to have better crop yields, creation of employment for local communities,  improved soil fertility, diversified agricultural base, extended cropping seasons, health and sanitation equipments, improved food security, efficient and reliable water supply and improved household or farmers income. Some 3000 households in total would directly have income enhancement as a result of the project.


 


H3.      Describe the implementation arrangements proposed for the project


 


The implementation arrangement proposed for the project includes the following:


During the participatory preparation work, the farmers will be proactively consulted by the project manager through the establishment of the communal irrigation system. In fact, the final design of the project will reflect the preferences of the farmers in terms of no-land redistribution or changes of ownership of block layout.  Furthermore, the organisation of the division of the irrigation will be defined in line with the existing system of the community so as to conserve social cohesions. In this regard, all efforts will be considered to prevent any major disruption among farmer’s lands and homesteads. Moreover, the agreement of the farmers will also be given emphasis, in terms of in-kind contribution, which means that they agreed that they will not receive any compensation for the right-of-way of the communal irrigation project on their land areas. The arrangement will also include the full compensation provided to the house of farmers of individuals who have been affected by the said project for the rebuilding purposes and affected lands will also be given compensation through financial assistance. In this regard, the legal arrangements defined in Water Act will be utilise in the project for the compensation purposes.


On one hand, in the project launching, it should be noted that an an environmental management training programmes will be organized. The main goal of this programmes will be to present the said irrigation project to its Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans, to safeguard the inclusion of sector ministries and research institutions organizations in the initiation of the mitigation and monitoring programmes, to integrated coordinate with the Provincial and District Environmental Committees and to generate and create synergies with bilateral multilateral, and non-government organisation’s environmental management projects.


 


H4.      Identify alternative project strategies / implementation arrangements which have been considered and why they have been rejected in favour of the one(s) chosen


In this project, the project regions will be selected following consultations with different stakeholders and field surveys and many discussions which involved all the members of the study team for the new communal irrigation system. Herein, the delineation of the areas will be agreed upon at a national workshop to be held in October 2007 and will be attended by all the stakeholders.


In this regard, other technical alternatives, will also be investigated, which include the irrigation via pumping from the lake and the groundwater. And option three which can be considered as the most suitable with bee the proposed gravity irrigation systems, which was developed to prevent the entire Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs), specifically those regions known to have cultural resources like archeological sites with soil salinity and alkalinity problems. Such alternative takes into consideration the conservation and preservation of riverine environments, wetlands, forested areas, lakes, as well as areas of cultural interest.


 


Section I        Host Country Commitment


 


I1.        Describe host country’s commitment to the project


The Kenyan government through the ESA, has worked with the following: LBDA, Ministries of Health, IWUAs, PMCT,NEMA, MRDA, IFAD, Provincial and District Environmental Officers, Water, Environment (Kenyan Wildlife Services and Forest Department), World Bank, NGOs such as Agricultural Environmental Program and Care Kenya to improve upon their agricultural production through the establishment of a communal irrigation system.


 


 


They incorporated many of the recommendations into their agricultural policies and have continued to develop their agricultural programmes.  They have improved their personnel, equipment and facilities in line with new agricultural budgets.


 


I2.        Describe any legal arrangements are necessary


 


The long term arrangements will need to ensure their civil servants in the agricultural department are trained to handle the agricultural programmes and policies needed to improve their agricultural production.


 


Section J      Risks


J1.       Description of risk &


J2.       Likelihood


 


Inadequate public funding for agricultural production enhancements through their new communal irrigation system


In this regard, the authorities are able to ensure that clear financial commitment is included within their annual budgets to guarantee hat post project sustainability is ensured.  This can be considered as a modest risk.


 


Loss of agricultural support for the agricultural autonomy programme.  


Continuing to involve different organisations and local communities will be able to promote agricultural autonomy policies for the farmers and make it more entrenched within the Kenyan government making it harder to lose political commitment.  This is a modest risk.


 


 


Section K      Inputs


 


K1.      Skeleton Budget


 


National Input


1 KES=0.014302 USD


 


External Input


(US Dollars)


 


Personnel


 


230,000


 


3,289.46


 


Sub Contracts (specific types of goods & services)


 


190,909


 


2,730.38


 


Training


 


80,509


 


1,151.44


 


Equipment


 


190,910


 


2,730.39


 


Miscellaneous


 


281,818


 


4,030.56


 


TOTALS


974,146


 


13,932.23


 


 


 


K2.      Comment on any proposed inputs which raise policy issues on which headquarters guidance is sought (e.g. high equipment component, payment of local and recurrent costs, incentive payments).


 


There are no policy issues which require comment at this time.


 


Person(s) primarily responsible for this formulation framework:


 


 


 


Signature


 


Name:


 


 


Title:


 


 


 


 


 


 


 


Reference


ADB/ADF, 2001. Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures.


 


ADB/ADF, 2001a. Integrated Environmental and Social Assessment Guidelines. Irrigation.


 


ADB/ADF,2001b. Integrated Environmental and Social Assessment Guidelines. Crop Production.


 


IFAD’s Southern Nyanza Community Development Project (SNCDP). Project Brief


 


World Bank/GEF (20005) Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystems Management Project. Project Document.


 


World Bank (2005). Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project. LVEMP Bulletin. January


 


World Bank (2005). Western Kenya Community Driven Development and Flood Mitigation Project. Concept Paper.


 



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