INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS (Hardy Weinberg Equlibrium)
1 Give the equation that hardy and Weinberg generated and describe what each of the terms denotes and what each part of the equation’s function is
2 Define the following Allele, genotype and phenotype
3 What are the five assumptions are met of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
4 If all o these assumptions are met, a population is in equilibrium. Mean in term of evolution?
5 In the USA, 1 in every children is born with cystic fibrosis the mutated allele o the CF gene that causes this hereditary disease is autosomal and recessive to the normal allele. Calculate the frequencies of the two alleles in the population and the genotype frequencies for the population.
6 Define genetic drift
7 What are the bottle necks and founder effects? Give an example. Explain why the bottleneck effect is an example of genetic drift and how it might causes evolution to occur.
8 Explain how population bottlenecks and founder events decrease variation within a population.
9 What is mutation where in an animal must a mutation occur in order for it to be passed on to offspring? When des a mutation cause evolution cause to occur
10 Why is mutation in and of itself not evolution? What must happen for evolution to occur
11 Calculate, showing all working, the frequencies of alleles and the frequencies of genotype in a population of 100,000 rabbits, of which 25,000 are white and 75000 are agouti. (in rabbits, the white colour is due to a recessive allele (w), and the agouti is due to a dominant allele (W)
12 Samples from a polymorphic population of the scarlet tiger moth panaxia dominula were taken, and the following genotype data were obtained for the colour pattern gene affecting the ‘ medionigra’ phenotype:
Year
Typical phenotypesA1A1
Medionigra phenotypes
A1A2 A2A2
Total in sample
1955
308
7 0
315
1956
1231
76 1
1308
a) What are the allele frequencies for 1955 and 1856?
b) Using the data for 1956 only what are the expected genotypic frequencies for 1956 assuming hardy Weinberg equilibrium?
c) Perform a chi square test on observed and expected values for 1956. What is the overall value of the chi square/is it significant?
Table of chi – square values
VALUE OF P
Degrees of freedom
0.99
0.9
0.5
0.1
0.05
0.01
0.001
1
0.00
0.02
0.46
.71
3.84
6.63
10.83
2
0.02
0.21
1.39
4.61
5.99
9.21
13.82
Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com
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