Table of Contents
Chapter
Page
Preface
Executive Summary
1. Introduction
Objective
Scope of Study
2. Brief History of Philippine Female Domestic Helper
3. Conceptual Framework
Definition of Stigma
Definition of Race & Discrimination
4. Methodology of Study
5. Findings on the Causation of Stigma
Effects from Social Customs
Personal Backgrounds
Governmental Policy
6. Recognizable Symptoms of Racial Stigma
Employment Relations
Public Attitudes
7. General Consequences of Race as Stigma
8. Coping Strategies Adopted by Domestic Helpers
9. Conclusion
Appendix 1 – Questionnaire
Reference
Preface
Executive Summary
Chapter 1 – Introduction
Stigma or discrimination is a very common social problem and play important roles in the experience of human being. No matter where you are living, you also can find that a distinctive group of people will be labeled or isolated by the majorities. For example, in Hong Kong, you can hear the news of discrimination the people came from Mainland by the Hong Kong people. As same case, some Hong Kong people who expatriated to foreign countries, they or their children and families also isolated by the original inhabitant. Their social statuses, employment opportunities, educational chance of children were also exploited. Indeed, stigma or discrimination is not a good feature of the world, it creates inequality, social dispute or war in the most extremely case.
As there are so many examples of race and stigma in Hong Kong, our group only focused on a distinctive group of population, Philippine female domestic helpers. Most of them provide household duties for Hong Kong people. They constitute one of the most common minorities in Hong Kong and customarily stay at Victoria Park, Central and other parks or promenades for rest or social gathering in every Sundays or Public Holidays.
It is not difficult to hear Hong Kong people call the Philippine female domestic helpers as ‘BUN MUI’ and view them as the inferior group in Hong Kong. Because of that, we conducted a survey in order to understand the stigmatization status of Philippine foreign female domestic helpers in Hong Kong.
1.1 Objective
The objective of this research project is to evaluate the degree of stigmatization labeled on the Philippine female domestic helpers through field studies. These studies gathered, analyzed and interpreted data to measure the conceptual causes of stigma among Philippine female domestic helpers, identify any symptom of stigma and common disgraceful ill treatment, classify the consequence of stigma and know what coping mechanisms employed to alleviate the effect of stigma. Based on the information collected and digested, possible suggestions are made for tackling the problem.
1.2 Scope of Study
The study focuses on the relationship between the Philippine female domestic helpers, their employers and society. The outcomes of stigma are of significant importance for our study. Causation analysis is another point the research team to study by measuring the pattern of stigma or discrimination in our sample.
The study is also to provide estimation whether stigma will further develop into some kind of intangible force to motivate coping skill developments in the short-term to long-term e.g. possible physical or psychological issues of attitude/behavior changing. Through the study, possible causes of racial stigma will be identified for in-depth discussion and giving recommendations how to overcome the blemish.
Chapter 2 – Brief History of Philippine Female Domestic Helper
Philippine immigrant workers emerged in Hong Kong due to two basic coincidental factors of local economic boom and Philippine’s economic bust in 1970s. The late leader of the Communist Party of China, Deng Xiaoping, advocated an economic reform and open door policies that head the growth of Hong Kong economic and subsequently intensified the demand of household works attributing to more educated Hong Kong women joined the labor force.
The International Monetary Fund (1998) stated, “The incidence of poverty in the Philippines was not unusually high in the early 1970s, compared with a representative sample of Asian countries”. Filipinos working abroad becomes one of the Philippine government’s reforms that have stimulated economic growth.
At the end of 1997, the Immigration Department of Hong Kong SAR Government declared there were 171, 333 documented foreign domestic helpers in the territory and nearly 80% of them are from Philippines. The number of Philippine domestic helpers working in Hong Kong hit a record high of 155, 450 population in Dec 2001 ( 2004). Approximately 140, 000 Philippine female domestic helpers work for Hong Kong households in 2006.
Chapter 3 – Conceptual Framework
A valid measurement can prove ideals of causal relationship between theoretical validity and measurements validity. The right concept of race and stigma even racial discrimination will mutually interact, avoid bias and develop the characteristics of measurement instrument for drawing a correct conclusion.
3.1 Definition of Stigma
Professor, (2001) pointed out that stigma generally refers to concept advocated by Erving Goffman analyzing stigma in three ways. The stigma derives from physical deformities, associates with perceived individual characteristic behaviors and designates to inherit through lineage, race, nation and religion.
Stigma means possessing an undesirable disparity of negative implication for identifying a person. Professor, . (2001) further cited the idea of (1963) that a construction of stigma theory could be established by explaining one’s inferiority or imperfection against the flawlessness. He agreed observation that stigma and discrimination is a complex social process and relations effecting racial segregation and political right. The spoiled identities the stigmatized outcome not only brings about health and disease issues but also leads to particular disorders and a dissemination of negative images. In consequence, “a stereotype that often came into play when issues of stigma and physical maladies emerged.”
Howarth (2006) quoted that a stigma was a mark-burnt or cut into the skin to symbolize the threat or danger of the so-stigmatized person in ancient Greece. She agreed the stigma is visible on the stigmatized body but the social construction and symbolic violence of the stigma are vague. She defined race as stigma as embodying race directly linked to the body or particular skin, conceptualized race as stigma by emphasizing its dehumanizing nature via racist gaze, materializing inequalities, biases and oppression, and leading to recognition and racism disputes.
She believed that the dominated race of the community stigmatized other races due to bearing differentiated cultural, social and psychological ideologies. The concept of “us” and “them” often constructs the “contestation of stigmatizing practices.” She addressed on psychological process of “theory of social representations” establishes a “production of meaning and social relations” for possibility, participation or change. The stigmatized representation may mean untrustworthy and criminal e.g. the black youth in British face social exclusion and marginalization.
Her analysis also reported that the stigmatized would intent to hide their stigmatized characteristics e.g. a use of bleaching cream for pursuing white skin, seek for self-protection and raise their self-esteem. She believed that a development of strong sense of relationship, identity, support and resistance is very important. These community dialogues would definitely reduce the perceptions of race as stigma effect and reassert a non-stigmatized identity
and (2001) discussed the relationships between stigma, discrimination, health, behaviors and social psychological emotion. They both adopted the theory advocated by (1963) who described the definition of stigma. The stigmatized individual has some attribute or characteristic that leads to “a taint and discredit his/her social identity and social value”. These attributes or characteristics are marked being undesirable characteristics or stereotypes e.g. the disable. The social comparison, self-concept, self-definition and reference groups often shape social exclusion and rejection that create stigma as discrimination.
In their conceptualization, stigma has correlation between components of distinguishing and labeling on human differences e.g. skim color, linking negative attributes e.g. mental patient, separating “us” and “them” e.g. descendant of lineages, facing status loss and discrimination and dominating the dependence of stigma on power e.g. “the social, cultural, economic and political power governs cognitions and behaviors.”
(2006) introduced two conceptual stigmatization models to delineate the negative attitudes and possible variables to label and stereotype the poverty, these stigmatization models are the conventional model of “broadly shared cultural perception” and an expanded model of “social psychological determinants”.
They pointed out that the traditional model of stigma is welfare stigma that is most likely relating to means-tested programs for the social welfare recipients. In the eyes of the public will plausibly label those vulnerable or poor groups as lazy and idle stratum of the community. However, the ill health welfare recipients are more or less being felt as deservedness without a strong feeling of stigmatization. Welfare stigma is a kind of negative attribute imposed on those welfare recipients that easily lead to a perception of people in poverty and unemployment.
The low-income groups hence were identified with negative opinions treated by “friends, family, acquaintances, service providers or means-tested program administrators” when participating in means-tested programs under “this social psychological mechanism”. The stigmatized persons are such the thing as the Comprehensive Social Security Assistance (CSSA) recipients in Hong Kong.
As to their conception of “an expanded model of the determinants of stigma”, it is pertaining to reinforcement of the stigmatization process and exacerbating the range of stigmatization contents that include illness and race related behaviors to identity and stereotype the stigmatized “in both the mass media and the public’s imagination”. The result of this model is the stigmatized being treated with discrimination and prejudice, especial occurs in the racial minorities and the contagious diseases e.g. AIDS.
(2006) recommended individuals conduct a self-help method to lessen stigma formation by energizing self-esteem and self-efficacy through psychological feelings of self-worth, self-acceptance and self-confidence in capacity. On the governmental side, a more flexible strategy of social benefit distribution should be adopted to reduce the exposure of welfare recipients or the illness to avoid any potential hostile stigma treatment e.g. the Medicaid of USA can be applied out of welfare offices.
(2003) both traced the conceptual framework of stigma that can retrospect to the ancient Greece regarding persons with bodily marks or tattoos for identifying them they had did something wrongs. Stigma is a social difference constructed to identify one’s specific characteristic and devaluate one’s social status. The conceptual stigma theory of (1963) was cited to point out three major types of stigma i.e. “abominations of the body, blemishes of individual character and tribal stigmas”.
They said, “The body stigma is associated to physical deformations or deviation from the social norm” such as missing limbs. The blemished stigma is “associated to people’s character, identity or simply their particular way of being” such as drug addict. Tribal stigma is referred to “negative evaluation of particular person due to their association with a group” e.g. race, ethnic minorities etc.
(2003) both agreed the view of (1963) that the visibility element of stigma plays an essential role in the social interaction during the stigmatization process. They recognized that the social negative conceptualized interpretations stigmatize particular groups like tribes, skin color, AIDS etc. and the powerful relations will have more influence or power over the situation to stigmatize the vulnerable groups.
(2000) told that the measurement of stigma method and HIV/ADIS sufferers’ tendency of disclosure of their contagion. The stigma model is associated with poor mental health and sense of shame that increase the vulnerability of the stigmatized and feeling distressful. The stigmatized will conduct a self-concealment practice actively by not disclosing their personal information in a predisposition manner.
3.12 Definition of Race & Discrimination
In accordance to the Race Discrimination Bill introduced by the Hong Kong SAR Government, ( Jan 2007), the definition of race is “in relation to a person, means the race, color, descent or national ethnic origin of the person.” In fact, another characteristic of stigma is discrimination, racial discrimination could not be ruled out. Hence, the HKSAR government defined racial discrimination shall relate to any form of distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based one one’s race that limit his/her right or freedom to enjoy, recognize or exercise in the community e.g. political, economic, social and cultural activities.
Broadly speaking, discrimination is a common problem in the world that occurs around all of us every day. In other words, discrimination means “to make a distinction in favor of or against a person or thing on an inappropriate basis”. (1991) Under this definition, discrimination should be likely the same as stigma, it also separate a type of people concerning some differences from the others.
Pursuit to the Australian law, discrimination may be “treated in terms of its various types” e.g. sex, race, etc. (1991). In general, sociologists adopt a different perspective and “define discrimination in terms of inequality, inequity, social conflict and unequal opportunity”. Besides, “discrimination is defined by contrasting the experiences of a minority group to the status quo”, contrasts are not well covered between minority groups are not well. (1991)
Two different types of discriminations could de identified. They are direct and indirect discrimination. “Direct discrimination occurs when an individual is treated less favorably than another individual in the same or similar circumstances on an unlawful ground e.g. sex in Australia. Indirect discrimination occurs when certain criteria are imposed which are likely to disproportionately disadvantage those in a particular group, such as women or migrants from non-English-speaking backgrounds.” (1991)
Stigmatizing effect is to categorize the disparate groups and simply labeling them as disadvantage clusters. ( 1991). As description mentioned by Foster, there are several features where the people or race stigma by the others, the symptoms are as follow:
l Inequality in Employment,
l Low occupation/ industrial status,
l Lower levels of earnings,
l Higher degree of labor turnover,
l Language difficulties,
l Unequal productivity,
l Limited access to education or training,
l Lack of motivation,
l Low levels of formal education, and
l Invisible for social and cultural reason
Besides , The United Nations uses the definition of racial discrimination laid out in the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted in 1966, “…any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life.(Part 1 of Article 1 of the U.N. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination)”.
To conclude the above literature research findings, the attitude of the dominating parties in a society governs the effect and relationship in between race and stigma. An academic learning of (1963) can simply elaborate the formation and consequences of racial discrimination and stigma. Scholars also pointed out that self-protection or self-help is a common practice adopted by the stigmatized groups.
Chapter 4 – Methodology of Study
In the project, the sample target is the Philippine female domestic helper group who work in Hong Kong and with age between 18-30 years old. For the distribution of questionnaire, the response will be certainly low if the research team use the method of telephone interview or send it out and wait for their responses by mail. Further, the possibility of gaining telephone numbers or workplace addresses of the domestic helpers is very difficult.
Even if the research team got these vehicles via various channels, the response rate might be very low due to time limitation and uncertainties e.g. wrong address, wrong telephone number, late submission, possible language barriers on telephone conversation and so on. As discussed, the team members decided to use the method of face-to-face interview instead for the project. The face-to-face mechanism might be easy to break the language barrier, assist respondents to understand the contents of questionnaire and allow the research team members quickly to conduct sampling observations.
To order to grasp the respondents’ perceptions and measure their psychological inner feelings, the questionnaire design as shown on Appendix 1 adopted is the close end question technique. In consideration of saving time and lessening the rate of not answering the full set of questionnaire, the five-point Linker scale is employed to collect nominal or ordinary data by using a range of variables from strongly-agree to strongly-disagree or very-often to never. The advantage of this method can be easier to get the average marks of each question to find out five highest average marks for analysis among the data pool collected. Hypothesis test is also employed to compare the relationship between two parameters to confirm whether the judgment for the outcome is acceptable or not.
Another critical issue is time limitation, the research team is the part-time researchers. The team’s situation is as same as the target respondents have to work during weekdays and Saturdays. Hence, the research team determined to carry out the face-to-face interview on Sundays and Public Holidays at Central and Victoria Park due to the majority of Hong Kong domestic helpers always gather there when they are on leave.
During the pilot test, the research team encountered many limitations and difficulties e.g. some Philippine female domestic helpers made an enquiry of any reward or expressed unwilling to answer the questionnaire after a skim of it. In addition, some Philippine men stopped us to carry out the survey. In consequence, the team employed a strategy of rewarding food and coupons to the interviewees for thanking of their co-operation to ensure the quantity of response rate.
During the course of data collection, the criteria and procedure of looking for the targeted Filipinos include identifying the mother language, recognizing the young face, questioning the age group and educational level, and inviting Philippine female domestic helpers to join the survey if they wish. The experience was that approximately one out of ten Filipinos complied with the research requirements.
As a result, there are 83 questionnaires successfully completed and collected with or without short interview for data analysis between 26 March 2007 and 7 April 2007. Owing time issue, the research team left 15 out of 83 sets of questionnaire to the eligible and collected afterwards without any short interview performed.
On the other hand, the on site observation played an important role in this research project. The research team silently watched and noted down details for a cross reference with short interviewed records to make a validated inference. The result is precious that strengthens the effects of survey outcome and forms convincing arguments.
Chapter 5 – Findings on the Causation of Stigma
Race and stigma has a closed embodied relation according to the interpretations of (1963) and (2006), the study reflects that there have some statistic significances to validate the existence of stigma among the Philippine female domestic helpers. The causation of stigma generally refers to some control variables e.g. lacking of correct information and personal confidence when the Philippine female domestic helpers work abroad.
5.1 Effects from Social Customs
The majority of the Philippine female domestic helpers, approximately 77%, believed language barrier plays an important role that leads to misunderstanding and accelerates the process of stigmatization. If they can speak fluent Cantonese in Hong Kong, the degree of stigma effect will definitely become diminishing. However, nearly 55% of them deemed the traditional culture and social norm induces the Hong Kong majority to stigmatize them because of race prejudice. They also logged complaint of the public sometimes glance at them with strange sight that has a significant correlation to the reason of a racial discrimination.
Under the public view, racial stigma and discrimination is not a substantial criminal action, but the newly race discrimination bill of Hong Kong start to tackle such problem through public education. Because of that, 19% of Philippine female domestic helpers judged HKSAR government should made more efforts to the combat racial stigma and discrimination e.g. offering some free of charge courses for them to learn the culture and language of Hong Kong or hotline counseling service to the new comers.
5.2 Personal Backgrounds
The tendency of higher education of Philippine female domestic helpers will have a comprehensive knowledge to interpret the formation of racial gaps and stigma. They further agreed that the higher education holders working abroad as domestic helpers would be more radically impairing their dignities. There are 65% of them psychologically holds this negative perception.
In addition, the racial culture governing the interpretation of race between ethnic and the majority and leading to a disparity is quite statistically significant. There are 68% of the Philippine female domestic helpers agreed or totally agreed this cultural perspective. Quite a lot of them, approximately 63%, disgracefully feel working abroad as domestic helpers is a kind of low-class job and attributed to poverty.
Research shows that their self-esteem and self-efficacy through psychological feelings of self-worth, self-acceptance and self-confidence in capacity are not strong. A total 71% of Philippine female domestic helpers give the consent of stigmatization will motivate them to struggle for gaining more respect in the Chinese Hong Kong Society that can directly address to eliminate effects of race and stigma and dealing constraints against norms, values and beliefs of stigma
5.3 Governmental Policy
In Hong Kong, the Press Release (2006) of the HKSAR government affirmed that the Employment Ordinance provides foreign domestic helpers with protection of their labor rights, such as entitlement to payment of wages and statutory holidays. The labor Department will investigate any complaint report of maltreatment or abuse by their employers promptly and thoroughly. Hence, there are 57 % of Philippine female domestic helpers credited the Hong Kong SAR government for combating the racial discrimination and stigma.
Anyhow, the unnamed survey respondents complained HKSAR government creates stigma and racial discrimination against their domestic helper trade through the “two-week rule” that will exploit their rights of recovering any underpayment or compensation on physical abuse. The “two-week rule” is one of the governmental policies of stipulating foreign domestic helpers must return to their place of origin on or before the expiry of two weeks after the date of the last employment termination. Their feeling was that the discriminatory employment policies stigmatize them as opponent because of wage discrepancy and inflexible work permit.
Chapter 6 – Recognizable Symptoms of Racial Stigma
The conceptual stigma theory of (1963) highlighted three areas of body stigma, character stigma and tribe stigma. The stigma scales are conceptually distinct with the perceived devaluation through discrimination. Most Hong Kong people devalue Philippine female domestic helpers by perceiving them as inferior group,as impoverished clusters, and as unfavorable opinion raisers. Results show that the cultural based domestic helpers give to the symptom that the stigma attached to attitudes of their employers and the community response.
6.1 Employment Relations
Asia Monitor Resource Centre (2004), an independent non-government organization, blatantly stated that “racial discrimination at the workplace is an everyday experience of the ethnic minorities living in Hong Kong. Many people report lower wages, poorer working conditions, or even outright rejections of jobs based on their ethnic background”.
Even the code of practice against discrimination in employment on the ground of race, the Labor Legislation and Guidelines of the HKSAR government, an abuse of equitable conditions of work is observable that lead to a poor employment relationship. Further, making an inference from the result of relationship between employment relations and daily working hours of Philippine female domestic helpers, the probability of racial stigma and discrimination against them exists in the current Hong Kong households.
However, there are 41% reported they would face ill treatment when Philippine female domestic helpers do wrong that inferred that they often encountered physical harassment e.g. blame or beating. The descriptive data shows 65% of them emphasized they are not often or even never share meal with their employers at their workplaces due to various reasons e.g. racial stigma and discrimination, humble feelings, cultural customs or religion. That is why, only 38% of Philippine female domestic helpers expressed their employment relations are poor.
6.2 Public Attitudes
Referring to views of and (2001), the stigmatized individual has the attribute of external appearance that leads to identify and stereotype as reference group in the society. Result of survey reflects that there are 21% of Philippine female domestic helpers claimed they detected the Hong Kong majority often or very often did a racial gaze upon them.
The statistic result of correlation between variables of strange glance and ethnic minority mirrors that race plays an important role of leading to racial gaze at the characteristic of ethnic minorities. A 45% of them accepted the reason of ethnic minority caused a strange sight made on their working group.
Further, the descriptive value of public responses to service requests from Philippine female domestic helpers illustrates that there are 51% of them experienced poor services made by the Hong Kong majority. In addition, the descriptive statistic proves that 23% of them alleged that the Hong Kong majority always blemish the ethnic minority like their domestic helper group. From that, reference drawn could say that Hong Kong majority still leave a stigma upon them.
There are 79% of Philippine female domestic helpers complained that their long working hours are too long, 10 hours or more a day, that absolutely affect their physical and psychological health, their employers should take note to this issue. The statistic inferences demonstrate that there are 29% of the Hong Kong majority rejects Philippine female domestic helpers as members of the community at all times. Hence, there are 32% of them believe the racial stigma become common in future.
To sum up, the relative well-educational Philippine female domestic helpers believed the problem of racial stigma or discrimination in Hong Kong is quite serious, 43% of them said the degree of racial stigma in Hong Kong is strong or stronger ff compared with other countries.
Chapter 7 – General Consequences of Race as Stigma
Scholars like (1963), (2006) inferred that the dominated race of a community stigmatized the ethnic minorities and established a distinguishable concept of “us” and “them”. In addition, the social negative interpretation of “them” that accelerates “them” becoming the stigmatized representatives. The data analysis reveals that 23% of them grumbled at the situation of “race as stigma” existed in the modern society of Hong Kong that coincidentally prove the tribal stigma views of scholars.
The colloquial dialect of “BUN MUI” called by the Hong Kong majority symbolizes that the public blemish the characteristic of one race that matches the stigma definition of (1963). There are 37% of Philippine female domestic helpers agreed or totally agreed a call of “BUN MUI” is a kind of racial insult or non aesthetic nickname.
Other common consequences include disparity in perception of racial stigma becomes wider due to language barrier, growing less time at sharing meal on same table due to possible caste notion planted in the mindset of dominated employers and or working silence to earn their breads.
Chapter 8 – Coping Strategies Adopted by Domestic Helpers
(1998) defined “coping strategies refer to the specific efforts, both behavioral and psychological, that people employ to master, tolerate, reduce, or minimize stressful events”. There are two major coping strategies i.e. the “problem-solving strategies” mainly refer to reduce stressful issues and “emotion-focused strategies” relate to control one’s emotion under stress. This may relate to Philippine female domestic helpers how to manage their “stressful events”. Their strategies should be flexible, patient, persistent, creative and critical in response to the racial stigma.
Social gatherings, sharing meals and religious life activities are pervasively observable in all public areas e.g. Central, parks, promenades etc. in Hong Kong. Social engagements are to share their worry, joys, difficulties and unhappiness. Mobile phone communication is another kind of coping strategy to share and cure their psychological and spiritual mental health. These social activities directly forms mutual aid network among their fellow-countrymen to get more information to tackle racial stigma and discrimination.
It is common that the research participants have struggled for alleviating the racial stigma through knowledge learnt from their fellow-countrymen. For example, 50% of them alleged a change of employer due to hard treatment, 30% claimed better fringe benefits attracted them to change their bosses, and 20% said late pay, underpay or others are the reasons of boss changed.
Learning Cantonese is another form of coping strategy Philippine female domestic helpers adopted. There are 77% of them agree or totally agree that they would face less the racial stigma if they can speak a fluent Cantonese in Hong Kong. That is why, 70% of them agree or totally agree they should have a sense of being members of Hong Kong people. These two parameters relationship have a statistic significant to prove this coping strategy is workable between Philippine female domestic helpers.
In terms of psychological treatment, they believe the stigmatized feeling or identity will motivate them struggling for gaining respect and becoming solidarity. Anyhow, 71% of them have this tendency to cope with stressful stigmatization.
Chapter 9 – Conclusion
Race and stigma always involve the effects of discrimination to distinguish the dominated race and the ethnic minorities in any society. Stigma commonly exists in the world like the contemporary modern city, Hong Kong, facing same problem. Most of the ethnic minorities easily identified as specific groups, no matter what they are rich or poor. The rich generally feel the degree of stigma not strong, but the poor blatantly encounter stigma stereotyping e.g. welfare stigma. The research-targeted population, Philippine female domestic helpers, is a big minority group among the Hong Kong citizens. The stigmatization labeled on the domestic helpers should be care that the research team put an effort on this issue to dig out why they become stigmatized caste and what strategies they employed to balance effects of racial stigma.
Appendix 1
Questionnaire
Date:
Time:
We are the part-time students of University of Hong Kong, studying the programme of BA (Hons) Housing Studies in the Department of Public and Social Administration. We are now going to test whether the Stigmatization Status of Foreign Female Domestic Helpers in Hong Kong. Your precious empirical information given will definitely contribute to our project.
All data collected will be kept strictly confidential and are for academic purpose only. We will destroy them after the completion of the project.
Please complete the following questions by filling the appropriate square boxes and returning the questionnaire to our surveyors.
Thank you for your co-operation.
Race and Stigma Survey:
1. What is your education level?
□ University / Master
□ College
□ Post Secondary School
□ Secondary School
□ Other
2. The ethnic minorities in Hong Kong give a negative impression among the majority.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
3. There is a great different interpretation of racial and ethnic gaps between the Hong Kong majority and the ethnic minorities.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
4. The ethnic minorities should have a sense of being the member of Hong Kong people.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
5. Foreign female domestic helpers changed their employers in Hong Kong is due to.
□ Better Fringe Benefits
□ Hard Treatment
□ Late pay
□ Underpay
□ Other
6. Working aboard as a servant impairs the dignity of foreign female domestic helpers.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
7. Foreign female domestic helper is a kind of lower-class jobs if compared with others.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
8. Foreign female domestic helpers in Hong Kong always experience ill treatment.
□ Very Often
□ Often
□ Sometimes
□ Rarely
□ Never
9. The ethnic minorities in the multiracial society like Hong Kong face less stigmatized treatment.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
10. Hong Kong majority always blemish the ethnic minority.
□ Very Often
□ Often
□ Sometimes
□ Rarely
□ Never
11. An employer often shares meal with the foreign female domestic helper on the same table.
□ Very Often
□ Often
□ Sometimes
□ Rarely
□ Never
12. The employer attacking the privacies of the foreign female domestic helpers e.g. read their personal letters, emails, search their belongings etc is.
□ Very Often
□ Often
□ Sometimes
□ Rarely
□ Never
13. Apart from special request, the daily working hour of the foreign female domestic helper should be.
□ Below 7 hours
□ 7 – 9 hours
□ 10 –12 hours
□ 13 –15 hours
□ Over 15 hours
14. The foreign female domestic helper faces blame or beat if doing wrong.
□ Very Often
□ Often
□ Sometimes
□ Rarely
□ Never
15. Employment relations between foreign female domestic helpers and their employers are.
□ Excellent
□ Great
□ Good
□ Fair
□ Bad
16. If you rate the overall performance of the foreign female domestic helpers, they are.
□ Excellent
□ Great
□ Good
□ Fair
□ Bad
17. The Hong Kong majority always glances at the foreign female domestic helpers with strange sight.
□ Very Often
□ Often
□ Sometimes
□ Rarely
□ Never
18. The strange sight made on the foreign female domestic helpers relate to being the ethnic minorities.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
19. The source of stigma imposed on the foreign female domestic helpers relates to race.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
20. The general public serves the foreign female domestic helpers with very slow response.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
21. The public called the foreign female domestic helpers by using the colloquial dialect of “BUN MUI” is a kind of insult.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
22. The call of “BUN MUI” for the foreign female domestic helpers attribute to where they come from.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
23. The stigmatized feeling will definitely motivate the foreign female domestic helpers to struggle for more respect in Hong Kong.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
24. As far as you know, the racial stigma becomes common in Hong Kong.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
25. If compared with other countries, the degree of racial stigma in Hong Kong is.
□ Very Strong
□ Strong
□ Weak
□ Very Weak
□ Never
26. The Hong Kong majority rejects the ethnic minorities as members of the community at all times.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
27. If the foreign female domestic helpers can speak a fluent Cantonese in Hong Kong, they would face less the racial stigma.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
28. The Hong Kong SAR Government made efforts to combat against the racial stigma.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
29. The social support network for the ethnic minorities in Hong Kong is insufficient.
□ Totally Agree
□ Partially Agree
□ Neither Agree or Disagree
□ Partially Disagree
□ Totally Disagree
30. An issue of race and stigma applied on the ethnic minorities in Hong Kong is.
□ Universal
□ Significant
□ No Comment
□ Insignificant
□ Inexistent
Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com
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