APA Style Manual, 5th Edition
Quick Reference Guide
FORMAT
Lines double-spaced, including title page and references page.
Center section headings – no caps, bold, or underline.
Font
Times New Roman, 12 point
Margins
1” for top, bottom, right and left margins on all pages, left justified.
Indent first line of paragraphs 5 spaces. Do not use extra double spacing between paragraphs.
Header
The header must be on all pages, including the title page and reference list. The header consists of an abbreviated title and the page number.
Header must be ½” from the top of the page and 1” from the right edge of the page.
Title Page
Contains the following information, centered on the page, double spaced
· Header with abbreviated title and page number
· Full Title
· Writer
· Instructor
· Course
· Date
2 PARTS TO APA STYLE 1. IN-TEXT CITATION Placed in parentheses within the text of the paper to document source of information
2. REFERENCES PAGE
List of sources cited in paper
IN-TEXT CITATION
Direct Quote – using exact words of a source
Use quotation marks “ “
Include page # or paragraph #
Book, Magazine, Journal article:
(author’s last name, publication date, p. #)
Ex: (Smith, 2002, p. 12).
Webpage article w/author:
(author, copyright OR last update, para. #)
Ex: (Jones, 2004, para. 3).
Webpage article with NO author:
(“shortened article title”, copyright OR last
update, para. #)
Ex: (“Pizzas”, 2003, para. 4).
Paraphrase – restating a source in your own words
No quotation marks used
No page or paragraph #
Book, Magazine, Journal article:
(author’s last name, publication date)
Ex: (Smith, 2002).
Webpage article w/author:
(author, copyright date OR last update)
Ex: (Jones, 2004).
Webpage article with NO author:
(“shortened article title”, copyright date OR
last update)
Ex: (“Pizzas”, 2003).
DIRECT QUOTATIONS
using exact words from a source
Quoting an Entire Sentence:
Author’s name not given within sentence
“A significant number of business professionals are returning to college to earn advanced degrees in order to increase their earning power and potential for advancement” (Smith, 2002, p. 101).
(author, publication date, page number)
Author’s name used to introduce quote
According to Smith (2002), “A significant number of business professionals are returning to college to earn advanced degrees in order to increase their earning power and potential for advancement” (p. 101).
introductory phrase with author name (publication date) . . . (page number)
Quoting Part of a Sentence:
Author’s name not given within sentence
For many adults, the commitment to obtaining a college degree is motivated by a desire to “increase their earning power and potential for advancement” (Smith, 2002, p. 101).
Author’s name used to introduce quote:
Smith (2002) explains that for many adults, the commitment to obtaining a college degree is motivated by a desire to “increase their earning power and potential for advancement” (p. 101).
NOTE: Before using an author’s name to introduce a quote or paraphrase, you must first introduce the author to identify this author’s expertise. For example, you might say:
James Smith (2002), author of The New College Landscape, explains that “today’s college student is often an adult professional with over five years experience, married, a parent, and an active volunteer” (p. 12).
Using Block Quotes:
more than 40 words – indent QUOTE ONLY 5 spaces from left margin – do not use quotation marks
Author’s name not given within sentence used to introduce quote: Adult students are often more dedicated to achieving their college education than many traditional students.
Most adult students who make the choice to return to college are accustomed to prioritizing their tasks. These individuals have experienced the demands of juggling their responsibilities and are more willing and able to take the initiative to succeed in their academic career. (Smith, 2002, p. 121)
Many adults who have excelled in their professional lives know how to apply themselves in their new academic life.
Author’s name used to introduce quote:
Smith (2002) points out that adult students are often more dedicated to achieving their college education than many traditional students.
Most adult students who make the choice to return to college are accustomed to prioritizing their tasks. These individuals have experienced the demands of juggling their responsibilities and are more willing and able to take the initiative to succeed in their academic career. (p. 121)
Many adults who have excelled in their professional
lives know how to apply themselves in their new academic life.
After the initial introduction of the author, you may then use the author’s last name only to introduce the quote or paraphrase, a technique that adds credibility and authority to your sources.
PARAPHRASING
Interpreting idea expressed by author by restating passage in your own words
Author’s name not given within paraphrased sentence:
The revitalization of many urban neighborhoods has resulted in a substantial increase in property values (Lentz, 2003).
(author, publication date – no page number)
Author’s name used to introduce paraphrase:
Urban planner James Lentz (2003) asserts that the revitalization of many urban neighborhoods has resulted in a substantial increase in property values.
introductory phrase with author name (publication date) . . . (page number)
MULTIPLE AUTHORS
(Following examples are for citing Direct Quotes; for Paraphrases, no page is used)
When a source has 2 authors, cite both names
(Smith & Jones, 2002, p. 3)
When a source has 3 to 5 authors, cite each author the first time the citation appears;
(Jones, Smith, Collins, & Krantz, 2002, p. 3)
in subsequent citations, cite only the last name of the first author, followed by “et al.” –
(Jones, et al., 2002, p. 1)
More than 6 authors, cite only the last name of the first author followed by “et al.” every time the citation appears
(Jones, et al., 2002, p. 1)
PARAPHRASE –
DON’T PLAGIARIZE!
Original by author James Baker, published 2003:
A serious dilemma often faced by employees when considering changing jobs, even when the new position is an improvement in their current employment situation, is whether to risk a change in their health insurance coverage, particularly for individuals with pre-existing conditions.
PLAGIARISM:
Passage rewritten, but with only a few words changed:
A serious problem often faced by employees when thinking about changing jobs, even when the new job is better than their current job, is whether to risk getting different health insurance, especially for people with pre-existing conditions (Baker, 2003).
PARAPHRASED:
Passage rewritten to express the idea of the author, but in your own words:
For many employees with health problems, often making the decision of whether or not to change jobs is based on the need to maintain the same health insurance coverage and not on the prospect of a better career opportunity (Baker, 2003).
** 3 or more consecutive words directly from a source is considered a Direct Quote, and must be cited as a Direct Quote
REMEMBER:
Direct Quotes > Quotation marks, page # Paraphrases > No quotation marks, no page #
RULE OF THUMB for Using Sources:
Never begin a paragraph with a quote, end a paragraph with a quote, or use back to back quotes – OFFER YOUR ANALYSIS! DON’T LET THE QUOTE SPEAK FOR ITSELF!
IN-TEXT CITATION – WEBPAGES
DIRECT QUOTES:
(author, update/copyright date, paragraph number)
PARAPHRASES:
(author, update/copyright date)
1. If no author — give shortened article title
If no article title –give website name
2. If no date for website — put n.d.
3. Hand number paragraphs — when citing
Direct Quotes
No paragraph number used for Paraphrases
Direct Quote – author, date given on webpage
The use of “pizza toppings that seem bizarre to current tastes, such as squid and octopus, were common in the fishing areas of the Mediterranean sea” (Smith, 1998, para. 5).
(author, update/copyright date, paragraph number)
Direct Quote – from article entitled
“Pizzas of the World,” from website called PizzaLore, no author given:
The use of “pizza toppings that seem bizarre to current tastes, such as squid and octopus, were common in the fishing areas of the Mediterranean sea” (“Pizzas,” 1998, para. 5).
(“shortened article title”, update/copyright date, para. #)
Direct Quote — from website called PizzaLore,
no author or article title given
Many culinary archaeologists have determined that “the making of pizza was actually an accident” (PizzaLore, 1998, para. 5).
(website name, update/copyright date, paragraph #)
CITING PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS
For letters, memos, e-mail, interviews, cite source in text only.
* Do not list on References page.
S.U. Varnes (personal communication, May 12, 2001) acknowledges …
REFERENCES LIST
All research papers must contain a list of references starting on a new page after the body of the paper.
The References page should contain full publication information (see examples below).
Only sources cited in the body of the paper should appear on the References page.
Reference Page Format
· Center space title – References – typed lower case, no underline, no bold, no italics
· Page numbering should be continued in the upper right corner of the Reference page.
· For each entry in the list, the first line begins at the left margin and all following lines are indented five spaces.
· Lines are double-spaced.
· Alphabetize by first word of entry (author’s last name; title if no author)
· If there are two or more entries for the same author, arrange by year of publication with the earliest one first.
· Do not utilize any underlining or quotation marks for titles. Book titles, magazine/journal titles and volume (issue) number are to be in italics only.
· Websites are not to be underlined.
· Capitalize journal or magazine titles.
· Capitalize only the first word of the title of a book or article, except for proper nouns.
Examples – Reference List Entries:
(Examples are single-spaced; actual reference list is double spaced.) The following entries are examples of the most commonly used research sources. Refer directly to the APA Manual for additional examples of Reference list entries.
BOOKS
Book With One Author:
Jones, S. (2003). The Jones chronicles.
Boston: Smith Publishing Company.
[author last name, first initial. (year published). Book title. City published, state (if applicable – see APA Style Guide, states are not always included): name of publisher.]
Book With Two or More Authors:
Jones, S., & Smith, J. (2000). The
history of Strayer University. Washington, DC: Jones and Smith Publishing.
[first author’s last name, first initial, “&” second author’s last name, first initial (year published). Book title. City published, state (if applicable): name of publisher.]
Book with Three to Six Authors:
Miller, J., Kramer, P., Cane, L. & Font, M.
(2000). How to be a business partner. New York: Harlan Publishers.
*On References page, always use the ampersand symbol “&” – never “and” – prior to the last author’s last name.
Book with more than Six authors:
Logan, P., Smith, U., Lenz, R., Tome, M., Fox,
P., Jones, M., et al. (2001). Elements of real estate transactions. Boston: Ridgeworth Publishers.
Edited Book:
Jones, S., & Smith, J. (Eds.). (2000). The
history of Strayer University (4th ed.).
Washington, DC: Jones and Smith
Publishing.
Article/Essay in an Edited Book:
Spencer, J. (1997). The ethical basis for
termination. In J. Kelp (Ed.), Ethics in business (pp 282-292). New York: Hampton Press.
[author last name, first initial. (year). Article/essay title. Book editor’s name (editor abbreviated Ed.), book title. (article pages). Place of publication: publisher.]
ARTICLES in PERIODICALS
Newspaper Article:
Jones, S. (2003, April 12). Strayer opens new
campus. Charlotte Observer, p. A3.
[author. (year, month day). article title. Name of newspaper, p. or pp. page number(s).]
Note: This is the only instance where you will use p. or pp. in front of the page numbers on the References page.
Magazine Article:
Smith, J. (2003, May 1). Duke Power
understates earnings. Newsweek, 5(1), 23-24.
[author last name, first initial. (year, month day). article title, magazine name, volume(issue #, if applicable), page number(s).]
If a magazine or journal article has more than two authors, follow the rule for books re: no. of authors.
Magazine Article With No Author:
Duke Power understates earnings. (2003, May
1). Newsweek, 5(1), 23-24.
[article title. (year, month day). magazine name, volume(issue #, if applicable), page number(s).]
Journal Article:
Johnson, J. (2002). The undergraduate student population of Strayer University’s graduating class of 2001. Journal of Education Statistics, 1(2), 200-211.
[author last name, first initial. (year). Article title. Journal name, volume(issue #), page number(s).]
Journal Article Retrieved from an
Online Database:
(An example would be an EBSCO Host database such as Academic Search Elite)
Johnson, J. (2002). The undergraduate student population of Strayer University’s graduating class of 2001. Journal of Education Statistics, 1(2), 200-211. Retrieved May 20, 2003, from
Academic Search Elite database.
[author last name, first initial. (year). Article title. Journal name, volume(issue #), page number(s). Retrieved (date) from (database).]
INTERNET SOURCES
DO NOT ONLY LIST URL for Webpage sources! Must give author’s name if available, last update/
copyright date, retrieval date, complete URL
If author given:
Grant, C. (2003). Why go to college? Retrieved
May 20, 2003, from http://www.college/
rev.Q&A.html
[author, if known. (date). Title of section. Retrieved (date) from (website address).]
If no author given, begin with article title
Shark attack summer. (2003, January).
Retrieved March 20, 2003, from http://www.allaboutsharks.com/attacks
[article name. (date). Retrieved (date) from (website address).]
Newspaper Article Retrieved From the Newspaper’s Website:
Greenwood, L. C. (2003, May 3). Education loans at all time low. The Washington Post. Retrieved May 5, 2003, from http://www.washingtonpost.com
[author. (year, month day). Article title. Newspaper name. Retrieved (date) from (website address).]
Article in an On-line Only Periodical:
Kobb, M. (2000). The New South. Lifestyles,
5(2). Retrieved June 12, 2003, from
http://www.lifestyles.com/south.html
Author. (year). Article title. Periodical title, vol.(issue). Retrieved (date) from (website address)]
MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES
Book Review in a Periodical:
Small, S. (2001). Gone again. [Review of the
book End of an era]. Solutions, 292, 12.
[author. (year). Title of review. [Review of the book book title.] Periodical name, volume. page number]
Government Publication:
National Institute of Business Resources.
(2001). Training personnel to respond in national emergencies. (DHHS Publication No. ADM 01-1775). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Governmental agency. (year). Title of publication. (Publication number.) Place of publication: publisher.
Brochure:
Small Business Center. (1999). What you need
to know about insurance (3rd ed.)
[Brochure]. Orlando, FL: Author.
[agency name. (year). Title of brochure. (edition of printing.) [Brochure]. Place of publication: publisher.]
* If no date known for website, put n.d.
Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com
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