Safety Medicine for Pedia
A drug taken by mouth goes through three phases-pharmaceutics (dissolution), pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic as drug actions occur. In the pharmaceutics phase, the drug becomes a solution so that it can cross the biologic membrane. When the drug is administered parentally by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous routes, there is no pharmaceutics phase. The second phase, the pharmacokinetic phase, is composed of four processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism (or biotransformation), and excretion. In the pharmacodynamic phase, biologic or physiologic response results are being discussed here. In the case of the neonates and the pediatrics receive special treatment, certain adaptation in assessments and evaluation of nursing care because of physiologic, psychologic and developmental differences inherent in this population. Pharmacology as it relates to the nursing of infants, children and adolescents is limited by the research available in providing protocols of recommend dosages, safe practices and key assessments and important nursing implications. The research is limited for the reason that it is difficult to obtain a pediatric sample because of the informed consent and research risks. Parents and guardian are reluctant to provide consent for children to participate in research studies because of the risk involved and the potentially invasive nature of the studies. Due to limited resources of the research about the safety and efficacy in administering drugs to the pediatric client the modern medicine is very delicate in prescribing drugs. For this reason, before giving any drugs to the client, it undergone a thorough assessment of the client, first they will consider the age of the client, the psychological factors and lastly the physiologic factors. It is important that in administering the drugs to the pediatric client, the medical team should assess the blood volume or the plasma serum level. This is important for the reason that it through them that we can conclude that the drug is effective and the patient is out of danger. That is why this modern day lots of technique about micro analytical is being invented and use in diagnosing one’s patient. Because of the changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics inherent of pediatrics clients, a key nursing role is to monitor the client for therapeutic effect and adverse reactions. This micro analytical technique is used to measure plasma or serum drug levels, which indicate the amount of medication in a client’s body. The monitoring of serum drug levels can assist in the establishment of appropriate dosages, schedules, and routes of medications for a client. It can also assist in indicating when the dose is too high (toxic) or too low (not therapeutic). The ranges established for many drug levels are based on studies on adults, which indicate the importance for the nurse to assess pediatric clients in conjunction with monitoring blood levels. Serum blood levels are not available for all medications because of the lack of methods available to measure medications. As a result, client clinical responses to medications are especially important in the monitoring of medications. On the other hand, pharmacogenetics play also important role in administering of drugs to the pediatric client in a safer way. Pharmacogenetics is somehow related to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. In this study, it shows the individual genetic differences that could affect efficacy and processing of the drugs to the body. It is primarily focused on specific genes, such as drug metabolizing enzymes that signals the entire network to determine if the drugs is responding through to the system. In pharmacogenetics, where the genetic factors have the great impact in dealing with clinical factors that can alter the patient’s response to drugs, where the clinical factors include the age, sex, weight, general health and liver function. What makes pharmacogenetics similar to pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics is that it helps to explain why some individuals respond to drugs and others don’t. Through pharmacokinetics helps the medical team especially the doctors to determine patients who requires a higher or lower doses and who will respond to a drug therapeutically and who might have an adverse drug reaction that threaten the life of patients.
In order to make the pediatric patient will be able to comply all the drugs being prescribed by the doctors, the medical team especially the nurse will administer the client must anticipate the developmental needs that may affect in taking the drugs. These include stranger anxiety: maintain a non threatening approach and move slowly, Fear of mutilation: explain the procedures carefully, use intrusive routes whenever possible and such as the oral route. Furthermore, advances in drug administration therapy continue to enhance safety, increase accessibility to sites, promote client mobility, and improve client adherence. Examples of these advances include the following: small size needles or safety needle and syringes that help prevent accidental needle sticks and patient controlled analgesia. In this advance technology it promotes safety and comfortable to the pediatric clients.
References:
James E. Barrett, Travis Thompson, Peter B. Dews; L. Erlbaum, 1977
Jeanne L. Wissmann, Margaret Chamberlain Wilmoth; Journal of Community Health Nursing, Vol. 13, 1996
John M. Roll, Frances K. Mcsweeney; The Psychological Record, Vol. 49, 1999
Norman A. Krasnegor, David B. Gray, Travis Thompson; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986
Credit:ivythesis.typepad.com
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